tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-74989148947446847212023-11-15T11:12:27.317-08:00Steps to write an essayAsymmetric Information Topic For PaperAnnalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-84480968843853091262020-08-24T12:58:00.001-07:002020-08-24T12:58:10.682-07:00Good vs. Evil Free EssaysDecisions: Good versus Detestable There are numerous ideas that are resolved entirely subjective. Individuals have various ethics; someoneââ¬â¢s ethics could be viewed as debasement to another person. We will compose a custom exposition test on Great versus Detestable or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now What somebody thinks about excellent, another should seriously mull over horrifying. A personââ¬â¢s meaning of equity could be somebody elseââ¬â¢s meaning of unlawful. There are numerous components with respect to why we as a whole have various standards, for example, the manner in which we were raised, our past encounters, our way of life, or our confidence. Thusly, we as a whole appointed authority in like manner to our own points of view. In East of Eden, John Steinbeck expresses that one can be accepted acceptable or malice once the individual has kicked the bucket. With our various standards, we would have alternate points of view on great and insidiousness. Consequently, we don't have a clue about the right meaning of good or malevolence, so it would not be directly for us to pass judgment on somebody at all previously or after their demise. All that we see is point of view, yet how are we so sure it is reality? Take for instance, a blossom. To a human, it is sufficiently little to grasp; to a creepy crawly, it is sufficiently large to be a home. The human and the creepy crawly are taking a gander at a similar bloom, however see it in an unexpected way. Is the subterranean insect basically smaller than normal, or is the human just too large? It can't be regarded on the grounds that there are various ideal models that control our judgment. There are additionally progressively genuine cases this applies to. On July 5, 2011, Casey Anthony was seen not as liable for killing her young girl Caylee. Eyewitnesses were paralyzed and shocked by the juryââ¬â¢s decision. Legal hearers guaranteed that it couldn't be demonstrated that Casey Anthony was blameworthy in light of the fact that there was insufficient proof. There were just realities that hinted at the end that Casey could be the killer, yet there were no crude and established truths that obviously demonstrated that Casey was answerable for the demise of her little girl. Capital punishment gauged a ton on the thought of the legal hearers. They had a real existence in their grasp; decisions and inductions were insufficient to see her as blameworthy. The jury could be regarded useful for adhering to the law and complying with their pledge, or they could be considered malevolence for letting a potential killer pull off a wrongdoing. There are numerous situations on this decision dependent on our perspectives, however we don't really know reality. There are such huge numbers of points of view known to man, we can never be so certain which is the right one. Without knowing reality, our decisions arenââ¬â¢t supported. They state there is a story behind everything. Stories for the most part have different sides to them, possibly more. As a rule, we need to accept that we know the full story. As people, we like conclusion and we don't care for unanswered inquiries. In any case, would it be advisable for it to frequently happen to somebody that there might be numerous obscure sides to a story? Marilyn Monroe was discovered dead in her room from an overdose on August 5, 1962. Monroeââ¬â¢s passing stays a secret and has gotten one of the most discussed paranoid notions ever. A few people accept that her passing was a murder, and a few people trusted it was a self destruction. There could be numerous obscure clarifications to Monroeââ¬â¢s demise, and we may never discover. Without information on how she kicked the bucket, our decisions are not think. There are continually going to be unanswered inquiries and equivocal endings. As people, what we accept is temperate ordinarily drives back to our perspectives and comprehension of life. Everybody has their life organized a specific route as indicated by their convictions. Our convictions hugy affect our attitude and activities whether we put stock in God, Buddha, Atheism, Karma, or anything by any means. With separating religion and convictions, there is no legitimacy to our decisions. Without the information on reality, we can't judge honestly; we would be accepting indiscriminately. It is a human sense to pass judgment. We judge to cause laws so society to can work in a deliberate way, we judge to shield ourselves from hurt by recognizing what is by all accounts perilous or unsafe, and we additionally judge to settle on choices to profit ourselves, for example, picking the school to our longing. Despite the fact that these are objective reasons regarding why we should pass judgment, they likewise lead to war, psychological oppressor assaults, generalizations, and partiality. Our suspicions and decisions spin around our viewpoint. Our ideal models outline our decisions, and this regularly results to various positions and perspectives. The idea of good and wickedness are according to the onlooker. The genuine meaning of good and underhandedness may never be uncovered in the course of our life. Thus, we can't regard somebody great or malevolence previously or after their passing since we don't have the comprehension of these thoughts in any case. Works Cited ââ¬Å"Death of Caylee Anthony. â⬠Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Dec. 2012. Web. 07 Nov. 2012. http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Death_of_Caylee_Anthony. Step by step instructions to refer to Good versus Detestable, Papers Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-47744286041522389602020-08-22T01:22:00.001-07:002020-08-22T01:22:35.589-07:00Health Issues of a Developed Country (The US) Free Essaysstring(167) government proposed some essential auxiliary and utilitarian changes to the NHS that are recorded in the white paper ââ¬ËEquity and Excellence: Liberating the NHSââ¬â¢. Dynamic Since 1948 the NHS has experienced critical changes in its structure and method of activity. There is an unmistakable move as seen by a change from the completely open model of care conveyance towards expanding private investment in the NHS framework. The expanding human services utilization and cost pressures have, to a degree, settled on the first 1948 statement of absolutely free social insurance access to all. We will compose a custom paper test on Medical problems of a Developed Country (The US) or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now While the rebuilding of the NHS recorded in the white paper ââ¬ËEquity and Excellence: Liberating the NHSââ¬â¢ is in light of evolving requests, care ought to be taken through having enough execution observing and quality checkpoints that guarantee that private cooperation doesn't disintegrate a portion of the crucial qualities and characteristics of the NHS, the most essential of which is to empower value of access to quality human services. Presentation The NHS was propelled on July fifth 1948 by the then wellbeing secretary Mr. Aneurin Bevan so as to give medicinal services to all dependent on citizenship and need and not founded on the capacity to pay. It was completely financed by tax collection. The NHS in this way turned into the focal umbrella association that gave all clinical and related administrations free at the purpose of access to all UK residents (NHS, 2011). Since its beginning the NHS has changed fundamentally and today it has become the worldââ¬â¢s biggest openly supported medicinal services framework (NHS, 2013). The NHS utilizes more than 1.5 million individuals (White, 2010, pg 3). In spite of the fact that the first pronouncement of the NHS was to give quality clinical consideration to every one of those in need regardless of their capacity to pay, the NHS has experienced a progression of changes and changes in the course of the most recent a very long while. The maturing society, expanding medicinal services requests, and the monetary weights it makes on the human services framework have in actuality required some noteworthy changes in the manner in which the NHS works. This paper will talk about these adjustments in structure and utilitarian parts of the NHS as featured in the white paper ââ¬ËEquity and Excellence: Liberating the NHSââ¬â¢ (DH, 2010) and some key changes in setting of the death of the Health and social consideration bill 2011. In the initial 25 years from 1948 there was an unmistakable qualification in that network wellbeing administrations were overseen independently by the nearby specialists while medical clinics were overseen by the NHS. Some auxiliary changes in the NHS were purchased about in 1974 and from that point forward both network wellbeing administrations and clinics have together gone under the domain of the NHS (Webb, 2002, pg 4). Under the first 1948 statement cost was not a factor and specialists were encouraged to give the best consideration to the patient with no cost contemplations (Leathard, 2000). Developing hospital expenses and budgetary shortfalls have obliged the legislature in completely executing their essential declaration of giving free treatment at the purpose of access, and bit by bit since 1951 charges were presented for false teeth and displays (Leathard, 2000, pg 34). Additionally since 1952, solution costs were presented. Throughout the years solution charges have seen a steady increment and as of April 2012 remedy charges are at 7.65 (Politics .co.uk, 2012). Far reaching challenges the solution charges have added to a few special cases in the physician endorsed medicate charges including for youngsters under 16, pregnant ladies, old individuals over 60, and so on. All the more as of late individuals with constant conditions, for example, malignancy have been incorporated into those under the absolved class. While in Wales and Northern Ireland solution charges have been totally abrogated, the English government has, in any case, showed that no further free remedy projects would be presented yet that the new arrangements would concentrate on tenderizing more decency into the solution charging framework (Politics.co.uk, 2012). Change to a Market System Constant underfunding and holes in administrations and the weights to improve the general working productivity have slowly prompted the NHS from being an all out open possession element towards a market based framework. Truth be told this move towards a market based framework could be followed path back to the Thatcher organization that presented the arrangements of ââ¬Ëgeneral managementââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ëoutsourcingââ¬â¢ which purchased about a central move. Senior supervisors were individuals who were worked in medical clinic the executives and gave a slick layer of interfacing between the wellbeing approach creators and the specialists and attendants who actualize the arrangements. Re-appropriating of non clinical administrations, for example, emergency clinic cleaning, providing food saw just because the passage of the private area into the NHS framework (DH, 2005). From that point forward private division support in the NHS has improved altogether. By the late 1990ââ¬â ¢s, for example, long haul care by NHS was at that point taken over to an enormous degree and oversaw by private revenue driven specialist organizations. Long haul older consideration is not, at this point liberated from cost. Expanding private investment could be surmised from the insights that from more than 137,200 private consideration homes in 1985 the numbers had dropped to 64,100 by 1998 (BBC, 1999). Old consideration in these settings isn't free and is absolutely implies based with those procuring more than ?16,000 for each annum bearing the whole costs while the state gives most extreme help to those under ?10,000 classes. NHS Spendings survey calls attention to that somewhere in the range of 1998 and 2010 there was a normal 5.75% expansion in wellbeing use while the NHS is scheduled to get .4% genuine terms development somewhere in the range of 2010 and 2014. This shows the level of monetary weight under which the NHS is working. As (Appleby et al, 2009) calls attention to, the weight on NHS will keep on expanding with developing difficulties because of a blend of variables including a maturing demography, significant expense weight of new clinical advances, and the desire for more excellent gauges. It is assessed that the NHS needs to make impressive cost cuttings by method of improved operational effectiveness to the tune of ?15 to ?20 billion with the goal for it to have the option to keep giving impartial access to human services administrations to all the citizens(Nicholson, 2009). It is under these desperate conditions that the UK government proposed some central auxiliary and useful changes to the NHS that are recorded in the white paper ââ¬ËEquity and Excellence: Liberating the NHSââ¬â¢. You read Medical problems of a Developed Country (The US) in classification Paper models One of the major changes to the association of the NHS as rattled off in the White paper is the devolution of the ââ¬ËPrimary care Trustsââ¬â¢ (PCTs) (Nuffield Trust, 2010). The PCTs which were established in 2002 to direct essential consideration arrangement is not, at this point a substantial element. Its capacity has been taken over by Clinical charging gatherings (CCG) containing fundamentally of nearby GPs. The thought behind such a change is to build neighborhood strengthening. Moreover the PCTs were in the past battling with visit rebuilding. One of the fundamental thought processes behind such a change is to put more noteworthy obligation with the nearby GPs as they are legitimately associated with administration referrals. Likewise since GPs are legitimately engaged with both dispatching and care arrangement they are better situated to make powerful evaluations and to forestall superfluous hospitalization and different administrations. At the end of the day, the founda tion of the GP consortia which is one of the features of the ââ¬ËEquity and Excellence: Liberating the NHSââ¬â¢ white paper, is relied upon to build the combination between the GPââ¬â¢s , pros and other specialist organizations clearing route for an incorporated consideration conveyance system that is both practical and proficient. Moreover, the white paper additionally alludes to the development of a NHS authorizing board that administers the general fair access to NHS administrations, appointing, and the correct designation of assets. This would guarantee that micromanagement isn't an issue at the NHS. The new strategy system likewise breaks up a few quangos along these lines bringing about more noteworthy operational reserve funds. By these methods the new changes are scheduled to set aside to 20 billion as far as proficiency of tasks by 2014. Projections show that up to 45% reserve funds could be acknowledged as the board related cost investment funds (DH, 2010, pg 5). One of the particular variables of the present NHS changes contrasted with the first NHS strategies is the move from a simply open framework towards a more market driven social insurance framework. The emphasis on expanding the investment of the patient and giving them the decision with regards to their specialist organizations and the treatment that they need are especially noticeable parts of the new human services bill. . The incorporation of the ââ¬Ëchoice of any willing providerââ¬â¢ in the ââ¬ËHealth and Social Care Billââ¬â¢ lays weight on the expanded opportunity for the wellbeing shopper (DH, 2010, pg 17). It additionally underlines the expanding rivalry among contracted wellbeing specialist co-ops which is eventually useful for improving the general nature of human services conveyance. Decrease in bureaucratic control and strengthening of the consideration suppliers suggest that the essential consideration providersââ¬â¢ could work freely and successfully to address the issues of the patients. Powerful observing is the way in to any utilitarian framework. For a colossal association, for example, the NHS observing the working of the different offices and frameworks is extremely fundamental for accomplishing smoothing out of activities, process proficiency and accomplishing high qual Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-10633666999125478372020-07-20T22:14:00.001-07:002020-07-20T22:14:05.369-07:00Contrarian Investing When Theres Blood in the Streets Contrarian Investing When Theres Blood in the Streets âThe Time to Buy is When Thereâs Blood in the StreetsâAs Baron Rothschild rightly said in the 18th century itself, has become the motto for contrarian investors around the world.The quote by Rothschild originally was believed to be, âBuy when thereâs blood in the streets, even if the blood is your ownâ, which he implemented himself by buying in the most serious time after the battle of Waterloo during the panic.The belief that when things seem worse in the market is the best time to make a move and profit is considered to be the soul of contrarian investing.If you are new to the world of investing, we would suggest you to take it slow.Letâs see what the contrarian investing strategy is and how it is similar to value investing.WHO IS A CONTRATARIAN?Think about a contrarian as an investor who tries to earn a profit by deviating from the herd and investing when the market seems to go down and sell when others are buying.The crowd, in such cases, tends to overreact to the m arketâs condition without analyzing it carefully which leads to a maximized increment or decrement of the prices allowing the contrarians to profit more than the general investors.Read on to find out more about this type of investing that suggests you buy or sell in extreme conditions and why.CONTRARIAN INVESTINGIn simple terms a contrarian is someone who buys when others are selling and sell when others are hoarding up to avoid subsequent losses, it sounds simple, but is it really?Letâs find out.Now that you know who a contrarian is, it will be easier to understand the process of Contrarian Investing.Contrarian Investing is nothing but a strategy that is characterized by buying and selling goods in opposition to the prevailing market situations.With this strategy, a contrarian dives into the market and buys a stock at times other investors are getting rid of their stocks at a significantly lower price and vice versa.Sometimes the stock price is exploited so much that it exagger ates a companyâs risk and belittles its prospects of rising back to its value.Identifying and selling such stocks can lead to extremely heightened profits when the company gains back its popularity, conversely when the price of a stock is skyrocketing it is common that there will soon be a drop leading to loss, at such times the contrarians get rid of such shares when stockholders are accumulating them to avoid future costs.However, contrarian investing is not simply about undervaluing or overvaluing the conventional stock market but about grabbing the opportunity when it presents itself without any fear.Such opportunities may occur when the market is greatly falling or rising.More candidates are identified when a market fluctuates greatly (fluctuation can be positive or negative).The mutual mindset of contrarians is that the worse things seem in the market, the more opportunities appear to profit.The result for such investment is, for example, a contrarian frequently buys cheap s ecurity that others think is a dog and sells a security that everyone else is demanding for.You must have heard the term value investing?It is often used synonymously with contrarian investing but is it the same? Find out!Contrary to popular belief, both, contrary investing and value investing have their differences, but a common similarity is that contrarians often value invest.Wondering how the graph of a contrarian investor would look like? Here is an example. Source: INOWHAT THEN, IS VALUE INVESTING?It is when investors try to find stocks trading at values lower than their intrinsic costs and jump at such opportunities to make huge profits later on when the stock price hits the ceiling.For this, the investors must be patient, and it may mean that theyâll be holding the stock for a while.However, the higher profit makes it worth the wait.The idea is buying a mispriced stock and waiting until eventually, the stock price moves closer to the intrinsic value or above that, at such times the value investors sell the stocks that they got at the cost of stones at the price of gold.FINDING THE RIGHT VALUE OF THINGSValue investors are always looking for bargain deals which may result in earning more than their initial investment; they buy companies when their stocks are priced below their original value allowing themselves the best chance of profiting from their investment.It may seem unnatural, getting more by paying less but thatâs what value investors do, in simpler words, value investors exchange a 5-dollar bill for 20 dollars as youâre buying something that is worth more than the company is charging.Benjamin Graham, the father of value investing, advocated an approach he liked to call âthe cigar-butt approachâ to investing where he bought potential companies that couldnât meet their intrinsic values and invest in them until they reaped profits.He compared this approach to a cigar-butt he picked up from the street that had one last good puff left in it, taking a drag from it and then throwing it away, this way both the company which other investors would often overlook would get an investor and Benjamin would get one last drag (of their profit).DONT MESS WITH A CONTRARIAN INVESTORContrarian investors, on the other hand, are like that annoying friend, who does the exact opposite of what is advised.Contrarians bet against stocks that are priced more than their cost and also stocks that are suitable for value inv esting (obviously).Value investors are often contrarians, and they know what time is best to buy stocks at bargain prices when most investors are fearful and act oppositely by selling stocks at cheaper values.Contrarian investing is more of a strategy or an approach to investing in extreme conditions whereas value investing is a kind of investing.Now that we know about the father of Value investing, letâs learn about the Wizard or as they call him âOracle of Omahaâ, and largest shareholder of Berkshire Hathaway, Warren Buffett, and his investing strategy.Buffett meddled with the traditional concept of value investing in making it his own, and rightly so as he is now one the richest people in the world.He says in an interview, âIt is far better to buy a wonderful company at a fair price than a fair company at a wonderful priceâ, which makes it clear that Buffett is a value investor on the contrarian side that loves to hold stocks until the maximum period before getting the best price.When everybody thinks alike, contrarians see the full picture and invest in the opposite possibility.Where value is investing can be identified by using financial metrics, such as the price to earnings ratio, contrarian investing also identifies the sentiments regarding the stock among other investors such as trading volume and earnings forecast of a company and its business prospects.Here is a look at what some contrarian investors have to say. Now, letâs get back to contrarian investing as a whole and discuss the factors and rules contrarians abide by to make successful investments.THE TOP ASPECTS TO CONSIDER TO INVEST RIGHTHere are some factors that every contrarian must consider before making investments and why.1. Popular Sites and Magazines are a No-NoMaterial and information that everyone else is using to invest are completely useless for contrarians. They are in fact âcontrariansâ, they must go contrary to the popular flow and make a profit in the process.P opular websites, magazines, newspapers, and TV stations should be treated as irrelevant while investing and must be considered only if you plan to go against what is said in such sources.If most people are buying in you must not buy in, consider it like that, if youâre on a bandwagon that is overloaded and about to buckle under the load, it would be wise to get off that bandwagon.These sources must be used as a guideline to avoid mainstream investments.2. Donât Fit InContrarians always stand out, they go against the herd and make the most out of it, by critically analyzing different possibilities first.Being a loner helps in contrarian investing while taking a position.Getting approval from others would be impractical if what you wish to do is stand out, and if the crowd automatically approves what you are doing then you must reanalyze your strategy from scratch.3. Leave Warren Buffett AloneLetâs be honest. All those mantras from Warren Buffett are great, but youâre not him (not yet of course).Buffett invests using money from different sources and not his own, holding on to shares for a long time is not advisable as your funds will be blocked during the time.Letâs face it, Buffett has tons of money which he can put on hold without affecting him, but you as a beginner cannot do that.His ideas are all great but not suitable for beginners and people with limited funds.So, all those âWarren Buffettâ ideas you penned down while researching on the internet, hold on to them and not your shares.Agility is key, buy stocks hold on for a while and then sell without wasting any time so you can invest in a new position.4. Donât Hold On (forever)Donât invest in something and get attached to the position that is counterproductive in any type of investment.Think of it as a piece of paper that you must eventually get rid of in order to increase your productivity in the share market.Itâs just an investment, close positions quickly and moves on where the gras s is greener only then can you dare to be different than the masses.5. Look at the Turnaround TimeThe market changes almost rapidly and with fierce aggression, wait for such opportunities and donât let them affect your investments by financing companies that are doing good and improving at a decent pace.There are several such companies out there which investors often overlook or undervalue based on misjudgments and general hatred among masses; contrarians work hard to find exactly such companies which are being undervalued for all the wrong reasons.Donât mistake these factors for the rules that you must follow, they are binding, but the rules are definite.There are some similarities between these aspects and the rules contrarians follow, but the factors are not all that you must consider.Letâs look at what else contrarians do to make the most out of their fearsome investments.KEY RULES TO INVEST RIGHTHere is a beginnersâ guide to investing you might want to check out. We wil l also talk about some of the other investing tips below.Nothing Popular Helps Directly.Flush out all the popular sources and trends out of your options.Going against the flow is essential for contrarians to win big at the end and following the herd is not the way to go.These magazines and newspapers are like toilet paper for investors, they serve a purpose but thatâs it, theyâre not the contrarianâs bible.The only thing their information is good for is that it helps contrarians to counter what is trending.Be TechnicalAnalyzing the technicalities is important for any investment, take some time to study the basic tenets of the investment field and sectors.Focus more on the less popular principles, the efficiency of these tenets is surprising after you understand how different tenets, like business and value tenets, operate.Trading InsightsUnderstanding the market is another crucial aspect of contrarian investing know as much as you can about the field and sectors you are playin g in.The market changes at an abrupt pace and being quick on your feet is very important to make smart investments.Be Smart: Follow a PlanBe practical and create a blueprint before you dive into the market because once you invest, thereâs no turning back.Donât enter the market blindfolded; chances are instead of hitting the jackpot you will likely lose everything.The plan must include an individual entry and exit plan in case things donât go as you intended them to, which is mostly the case with investments.Know When and HowDonât jump in without thinking and then repent, understand when the time is right to buy and when you must get rid of the stock youâve been accumulating.Do not use all of your funds in trading shares as chances are; youâll lose everything, do, it is better to hold on to most of the funds and invest in shares which you are sure (or almost sure) about after researching about the trends.Now that you know all the what and ifs of contrarian investing letâ s find out more about the phenomenon, its importance and how contrarian investing (which seems so simple) can be dangerous.WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?As popularly said by contrarians, âBe fearful when others are greedy and greedy only when others are fearfulâ, contrarians do exactly that, they buy when other investors are selling and sell when others are buying, it sounds simple, but now you know that it really isnât.Buying and selling shares during a crisis is very beneficial as it leads to either the price going as low as it gets or completely hyped up which is the point of investing in the share market if you think about it. Such investors (contrarians) are ready to go against the crowd and put everything online to win big in the long run.When traditional investors are panic-selling, contrarians are taking advantage of this drop in the price to buy more shares, and as they say after every night a new day dawns, the dropped prices after a while, when the companyâs worth is rea lized, rise up resulting in substantial growth.Contrarian investment can be looked at as a long-term investment strategy with benefits higher than general and short-term investments.Contrarians never bet for the present; they bet for the future and in a dangerous market where others are generally doing the opposite of what the contrarians intend to do.Traditional investors do not agree with the strategy of contrarian investing, but that is something that contrarians see as a sign that theyâre on the right track.RISKY ENDEAVOR â" UNDERSTANDING THE INHERENT RISKSAs simple as it sounds, there are certain risks associated with going against the flow with contrarian investing, letâs discuss some of them in this section.1. Overpowered by the HerdAs discussed earlier, the concept behind contrarian investing is waiting for the prices to get too high or too low, which sooner or later they will.Like contrarian investing there is another concept of âMomentum Investingâ which is the op posite of it.In momentum investing, investors go with the herd and invest where most people are investing; this may create problems and long waiting period for contrarians.When investors start leaning towards the crowd, it means trouble for contrarian investors as the momentum investors are inclined towards the forces that the contrarian went against.A similar situation arose in 1996, when the stock prices reached to dangerously high levels, making many contrarians sell before they had intended to and when this occurs, it generally continues for years as a trend.2. It Gets LonelyLetâs face it, contrarian investing means youâll be winning when others are not satisfied.It is human nature to want to do what others are doing, contrarians must go to great extents to resist that urge and stay put on their original decision.If you give up your contrarian shares before the intended rise in stocks, then chances are (more than less) you will be in huge debts.There will be times when you w ish to banish your initial plan and begin following force (other investors), but this may result in disastrous situations for you.3. The Crowd is Not Always WrongIt is common practice for contrarians to believe that the stocks where the majority of people are investing are always overpriced.This may not be the case at all times, not everyone is stupid, if many investors are following the same pattern then the odds are generally in their favor and just a single per cent leaning towards you, and honestly, those are not really good odds.The crowd can be right at times, but it is also wrong, it is up to you whether youâre willing to take a risk.4. Overestimation of Oneâs AbilityNo doubt contrarian investors are smart but perhaps too smart, and this is what gets in their way.They try to rationalize every big fluctuation the market faces and make mistakes as not every big trend means an opportunity; you must know when to buy and sell.You cannot always tell where the market will take y ou; it is only a matter of time that all your dreams are crushed with a curveball the market throws at you.Contrarian Investing requires a mixture of precise judgments and just the right amount of smartness if you think you can hack it then give it a shot and see just how difficult it can be.CONCLUSIONContrarians take risks when they buy or sell shares opposing the natural flow of investors, but with proper planning and implementation (and of course, patience!) they are the ones making the maximum profit.The quote âBuy when thereâs blood in the streets, even if the blood is your ownâ describes this investment strategy rightly, as that is true when the time is right to buy and hit a home run.This trading approach requires a lot of discipline and is not advised to individuals who are impatient as it requires them to wait for a long time.Contrarian investing has its downsides, like any other investing strategy; however, with the high return rate, it is highly advised to become a contrarian if you have the capital.Go against the flow and test your skills and luck at the stock market. Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-50427007793481061922020-05-21T23:43:00.001-07:002020-05-21T23:43:04.625-07:00Although Humankind Has Always Practiced A Spectrum Of... Although humankind has always practiced a spectrum of diversified cultures and rituals throughout history, people will remain constant. They will hang on to their ancient learnings creating a transparent, barbaric-based environment. Shirley Jacksonââ¬â¢s famous short story ââ¬Å"The Lotteryâ⬠has created controversy among her audience with regard to its purpose. The story describes a small New England village which practices an annual ritual known as ââ¬Å"The Lotteryâ⬠. In the beginning of ââ¬Å"The Lotteryâ⬠, townspeople gather in the villageââ¬â¢s town square, where everyone waits for the ritual to commence. One of the main characters, Mr. Summers, hosts the lottery and chooses a ââ¬Å"luckyâ⬠winner from a black, broken-down box. After selecting a name from the box,â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The description of the rituals show that someone influences the people to chant and praise. This illustrates an otherworldly identification of the leader. Ja ckson further describes the victim of the lottery as someone who stood before the crowd resembling a divine being. Words such as ââ¬Å"dulyâ⬠and ââ¬Å"supposedâ⬠provides knowledge that the village practiced and followed the same procedure every year with no other alternatives or any other unrequired arrangements. Similarly, Old Man Warner, when talking about the dangers of discontinuing the lottery, continues, ââ¬Å"Used to be a saying about ââ¬ËLottery in June, corn be heavy soonââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ (Jackson 4). Old Man Warnerââ¬â¢s words imply the worship of a higher being, who willingly. sacrifice their own people to a divine individual with the hope that the rest of the year will be successful. This proves that the villagers donââ¬â¢t necessarily understand the real reason for the lottery; they subside because they believe in a higher being who will reward them with a good year. Although Jackson does tie ââ¬Å"The Lotteryâ⬠to a Biblical theme, there lie s a greater reason for the twisted ending of her short story. ââ¬Å"The Lotteryâ⬠uses details to illustrate the traditional customs of patriarchy. The abundance of evidence in the text that suggests that males dominate this society. ââ¬Å"The lottery was conducted--as were the square dances, the teen club, the Halloween program--by Mr. Summersâ⬠(Jackson 1).Show MoreRelatedAll About Peace Education13195 Words à |à 53 PagesRights Peace education is an elusive concept. Although peace always has been and continues to be the object of an unceasing quest in almost all communities and groups, the training of each new generation centers on divisive issues of in-group/out-group differentiations, intergroup conflict and ongoing preparation for defense and war against real and perceived enemies. The universal presence of conflict and war in human history has always necessitated that priority be given to education forRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words à |à 1617 Pagestextbooks for introducing students to the leading theories about management while ignoring what is known about effective management practice. Sympathetic to Mintzbergââ¬â¢s critique, we set out to identify the defining competencies of effective managers. Although no two management positions are exactly the same, the research summarized in the Introduction highlights ten personal, interpersonal, and group skills that form the cor e of effective management practice. Each chapter addresses one of these skills Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-89498236394904839162020-05-06T23:58:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:58:27.793-07:00Essay about Coming Of Age In Mississippi - 1377 Words Coming of Age in Mississippi is an eye-opening testimony to the racism that exemplified what it was like to be an African American living in the south before and after the civil rights movements in the 50s and 60s. African Americans had been given voting and citizen rights, but did not and to a certain degree, still can not enjoy these rights. The southern economy that Anne Moody was born into in the 40s was one that was governed and ruled by a bunch of whites, many of which who very prejudice. This caused for a very hard up bringing for a young African American girl. Coming of Age in Mississippi broadened horizon of what it was like for African Americans to live during the 40s, 50, and 60s. There are many traces ofâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Also, I think that since she was busy with everything else in her life that she could not really hang out with friends, church was a place for her to make some friends. Religion was not just a factor for Anne, but for many of the slaves during the Civil War. The slaves would use religion as a way to get away from the harsh realities of their lives. Also they viewed Jesus and Moses as heroes who lead their people to freedom. Their religion was aimed toward the real world rather than being in heaven when they died. Basically, their singing or praying was about being delivered from slavery. They also used hymns as special codes for meeting points while trying to escape. To me the song Swanee River has a different meaning to the song on page 129. To me Swanne River was talking about being at home and a child, being around the familiar faces; your family and friends. Also, I think that home refers to being back on the plantation where they know they have security. Not in the sense of being safe, but being where they know and somewhat have fun. The song on page 129 about gods hebben means to me that black and white people are the same, minus the color of their skin. It is saying that every one is the same in God s eyes, and when we get to heaven we are all going to look the same. To me the Swanee River song tells me that the black people miss being at home and as much as they hated being owned by whites they miss being on theShow MoreRelatedComing of Age in Mississippi2022 Words à |à 9 PagesComing of Age in Mississippi Anne Moody Questions: 1. What did the murder of Samuel Oââ¬â¢Quinn do to Anne Moody? 2. What were the causes of Anne Moodyââ¬â¢s relationship with her mother changing when she went to college at Tougaloo? 3. During the movement, why was organizing in Canton, Mississippi so much more difficult than in Jackson, Mississippi? Introduction Coming of Age in Mississippi is an autobiographical book written by Anne Moody. The book entails the struggles throughout an AfricanRead MoreThe Monograph Coming of age in Mississippi1286 Words à |à 6 Pagesï » ¿ MONOGRAPH PAPER COMING OF AGE IN MISSISSIPPI Coming of Age in Mississippi by Anne Moody was published on 1968. This autobiography is memoires of Anne Moody about growing up poor and black in the rural Mississippi. The book was divided into four parts from childhood until her late 20s that described the experiences of Anne Moody in the Civil Rights Movement and her struggles againstà racism. Anne Moody was born in the 1940s which was the time after World War IIRead MoreComing of Age in Mississippi Essay806 Words à |à 4 Pages As if growing up wasnt turbulent enough, Anne Moody grew up during a crucial time in American History. It was during this time that race and civil rights took center stage in her home state of Mississippi. Young women face many physical and emotional changes during their teenage years, regardless of when and where they grew up. However, for Anne Moody, and other young black women, there was the instability in race relations to deal with as well. During her younger childhood years, Anne wasRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi1342 Words à |à 6 PagesDeandra Green Professor Joshua Jeffers United States History II 3 November 2015 Coming of Age in Mississippi The book Coming of Age in Mississippi goes into detail about a very prominent time in United States history. The book takes us back to a time where the issue of civil rights began to rise eventually reaching its peak marking this an unforgettable time in history for that generation and for generations to come. During this time the south in general was already a tough place to be in, butRead MoreComing of Age in Mississippi and Segregation Essay1304 Words à |à 6 PagesComing of Age in Mississippi is an autobiography of the famous Anne Moody. Moody grew up in mist of a Civil Rights Movement as a poor African American woman in rural Mississippi. Her story comprises of her trials and tribulations from life in the South during the rise of the Civil Rights movement. Life during this time embraced segregation, which made life for African Americans rough. As an African American woman growing up during the Civil Rights movement, Moody has a unique story on themes likeRead MoreAnne Moody Coming Of Age In Mississippi1626 Words à |à 7 PagesAnne Moodyââ¬â¢s autobiography, Coming of Age in Mississippi, depicts the various stages of her life from childhood, to high school, then to college, and ends with her involvement in the Civil Rights Movement. In the novel, Anne tells the reader her story through events, conversations, and emotional struggles. The reader can interpret various elements of cultural knowledge that Anne Moody learned from her family and community as a child. Her understanding of the culture and race relations of the timeRead More Coming of Age in Mississippi Essay example639 Words à |à 3 Pagesactivist and NAACP member tried to organize a meeting, the Principle Willis, who is an Uncle Tom, tattled on him. Samuel was shot by a mob of white men. The first experience of a civil rights movement was when she was attending Natchez College in Mississippi. The lunch lady served food with maggots in it. The cook, Miss Harris, knew that the food was s poiled but didnââ¬â¢t care. Anne organized a protest and it was successful. This was a hint of what was yet to come from Anne. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;BlacksRead MoreAnne Moodys Coming of Age in the Mississippi1268 Words à |à 6 Pageswas with her white skinned ââ¬Å"blackâ⬠relatives. ââ¬Å"If it wasnââ¬â¢t the straight hair and the white skin that made you white, then what was it?â⬠3 The racial hierarchy was not only comprised of blacks and whites, which Essie-Mae Moody discovered at a young age. In between white and black were all shades of people, some almost flaunted their white qualities and lighter skin, and even acted superior to those of darker shades even among relatives. However, Essie didnââ¬â¢t understand why ââ¬Å"â⬠¦ they hated Mama andRead MoreComing of Age in Mississippi- Anne Moody797 Words à |à 4 Pagesbegins with Anne as a four-year-old child watching her parents work everyday for Mr. Carter, a white plantation owner. She witnessed several black farmers living in rotten, two-room wooden shacks. It was most likely evident to her, even at that early age, that Whites were the affluent, upper-class. She elucidates her recognition of the difference in living conditions in the following statements: It seemed as though we were always moving. Every time it was a house on some white man s place andRead MoreComing of Age in Mississippi vs. The Jungle Paper1039 Words à |à 5 PagesComing of Age in Mississippi vs. The Jungle Paper There is an argument that states that Anne Moodys tale in Coming of Age in Mississippi is a more optimistic tale then that of Jurgis Rutkis in The Jungle and vice versa. This is not the case. When you take the time to analyze both story, you come to find that both have the same pessimistic core. The only difference is the character Jurgis was optimist throughout most of the beginning despite his circumstances yet in the end he loses all hope Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-66071195625840001712020-05-06T08:53:00.001-07:002020-05-06T08:53:10.263-07:00Irony a Common Theme Free Essays Although they have very different plots with vastly different different characters, a common theme is cleverly intertwined by the authors of the following stories. ââ¬Å"The Interlopers,â⬠by Saki narrates a duel between two neighbors, torn apart by their forefatherââ¬â¢s grudge. ââ¬Å"Gimpel the Fool,â⬠by Isaac Bashevis Singer, is told by a man thought of as a fool, and forgives all those who mistreat and abuse him. We will write a custom essay sample on Irony a Common Theme or any similar topic only for you Order Now The play ââ¬Å"Pygmalion,â⬠by Bernard Shaw shows the story of a normal flower girl becoming an upper class lady, and all the woes that come with it. The Interlopers,â⬠ââ¬Å"Gimpel the Fool,â⬠and ââ¬Å"Pygmalionâ⬠all share the common theme of irony. Even in such different contexts, irony is seen in these tales. ââ¬Å"The Interlopersâ⬠has an ironic ending that shocks the reader. Saki starts the short story with Ulrich von Gradwitz seeking his nemisis, Georg Znaeym in a vast forest he calls his own. The reason for such hate would be many generations before dispute over land and game, which was still existed. When they both face each other, they are both prepared to kill one another, until a tree falls on them. After endless bickering under the tree, Gradwitz tells Znaeym, ââ¬Å"Neighbor, if you will help me to bury the old quarrel I- I will ask you to be my friend,â⬠(4) who then agrees. After this, ââ¬Å"The Interlopersâ⬠abruptly ends with the two men ironically being eaten alive by a pack of wolves. In ââ¬Å"Gimpel the Fool,â⬠the main character, Gimpel, is treated as a fool all his life in a village, and doesnââ¬â¢t let it bother him, which further convinces the townspeople of his ignorance. This is ironic since Gimpel is actually the smartest of the bunch by thinking to himself, ââ¬Å"let it passâ⬠(1) even though he is labeled throughout the story as a fool. Till the end, the village makes a fool out of Gimpel, through forcing him to marry an outwardly unfaithful woman to acting to his face as if they donââ¬â¢t know that all children born from her have different fathers. Finally, after his wifeââ¬â¢s death, Gimpel leaves his sad little hometown. He then travels around the world, telling tales to many audiences, and enjoying pleasureful company. Indeed, Gimpel was not a fool. In ââ¬Å"Pygmalion,â⬠a phonetics professor, Mr. Higgins, takes the responsibility of training a lower class flower girl, to becoming an upper class woman, which has an ironic outcome due to the fact that her new lifestyle would seem be more comfortable, but in reality is not. Mr. Higgins is forced to teach Eliza the whole English language to her once again due to her own version containing words/sounds such as ââ¬Å"Ah-ah-ah-ow-ow-ow-oo! â⬠(1749) Eliza already being beautiful, it only takes washing up to look like a lady. Resulting from becoming a proper lady, ironically Eliza has to sell herself in order to find a husband, while when she was a flower girl she just had to sell flowers. Keeping up with the superficial world of appearances with everyone watching her every move proves to be too stressful, and Eliza eventually breaks. She then leaves Mr. Higgins to marry someone he considered a fool, Freddy, who was smitten with her. In all these stories,different types of irony is expressed. The Interlopersâ⬠has situational irony since the result of the truce of the two men did not result in their freedom, but contrary, their death. In ââ¬Å"Gimpel the Fool,â⬠there is verbal irony since Gimpel is purposely labeled as a fool by the author though the truth is the opposite. ââ¬Å"Pygmalionâ⬠has dramatic irony since Eliza believes her life will be better as an upper class woman, though we know that will not be the case, as she herself also finds out the next day. Using irony not only adds twists to these stories, but also contributes to character development and increases suspense. How to cite Irony a Common Theme, Papers Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-19602930628959467662020-04-26T19:27:00.001-07:002020-04-26T19:27:02.979-07:00Why Are We So Concerned With Our Image Essay Example Essay ExampleWhy Are We So Concerned With Our Image Essay Example Paper Why Are We So Concerned With Our Image Essay Introduction We are subsequently concerned with our image and the manner others, around us perceive us. We strive, everyday to shine within a multitude of stars and to be fully appreciated by our friends, family and associates. We put on a show, each day according to the way we aspire others to view us, as individual people, who stand out and deserve an encore on our own, personal stages.Our world is a stage, our life is a drama, perfectly played out in our roles, and we are the actors, performing. Each and every one of us, share similar aspirations in life and yearn for each one of our presentations to be ideal in order to achieve our goals. Our personal stage must be precisely set and the audiencesââ¬â¢ reaction or perception of our acting abilities will be demonstrated through their feedback.During oneââ¬â¢s lifetime, a presentation on stage is not always what we anticipate, an event in which Erving Goffman referred to as a ââ¬Å"dramaturgical analysisâ⬠.Our social life allows for more than one role to played, for example, being a student, daughter, or lover, requires different presentations. As Goffman mentions in his book ââ¬Å"The Presentation of Self in Everyday life: Selections.â⬠In our show, we offer an impression to the audience through verbal and body language, and the interaction we communicate to others, relays how we perceive ourselves. Goffman views the world as micro sociology; social interactions, and according to Henslin, it is face to face interaction demonstrating how people react and behave when they come together and demonstrates how they get along and survive.First impressions are incredibly important since they may affect how others regard us as individuals, while they build our confidence and heighten our reputation as award winning. According to Henslin, ââ¬Å"When you first meet someone, you cannot help but notice certain features, especially the personââ¬â¢s sex, race, age and clothingâ⬠. We develop other impressions t hrough vision and by listening to the character. You may possibly hear someoneââ¬â¢s name or all about their story before you actually meet them and perhaps you have already developed a pre-developed image of that person.When you are first introduced to a person, important factors furnish us with a cause to imagine and possess assumptions regarding that individual, therefore, regardless of their true character or personality, your assumptions have already shaped your first impression. This is an important explanation of why people are so concern in relation to their image, since all factors have persuasive influence on a personââ¬â¢s social life.The scene displayed when Mary Harron first met with Andy Warhol, is one demonstration of a first impression of an individual. (Harron, 1980) In the article ââ¬Å"Pop Art/ Art Pop: The Warhol Connection,â⬠before Harron actually met with Andy Warhol, she had previously heard numerous stories in relation to Warhol, and she had alre ady develop a vivid impression of Warhol, consequently, there was little shock about his overall appearance and personality and she was only surprised about Warholââ¬Ës age.Pop art was a subject that came to mind when one imagined Warhol, so his age was never a consideration.Henslin mentions in his book titled ââ¬Å"Essential of Sociologyâ⬠, (Henslin, 2004) that ââ¬Å"We possess ideas on how we want others to judge us, and we use our character roles in everyday life to communicate these ideas. Goffman referred to these efforts which manage the impressions that others receive from us, as ââ¬Å"impression managementâ⬠. Goffman also considered impression management as a way to control our performance as we perform in a certain manner; one that an audience expects from us so they may be guided against an unexpected and unfamiliar scene.I play the role of a daughter, for my parents and my attitude is always respectful and polite since this is how I want to present myself to them.According to lecture notes on micro sociology, Professor Steve discusses the Goffmanââ¬â¢s Theory where he explains that ââ¬Å"We are all trying to present an idealized vision of ourselves while trying to hide our very real problems or shortcomingsâ⬠. We consistently want to offer a good impression by acting out what we think others want, so we continually perform our roles according to what the audience wants to see, and the advantage is that we will gain an excellent reputation if we do meet their expectations but if we fail to meet those expectations, we fail while performing that role.Goffman looks at our daily life as a performance played out on a big stage and as actors performing for our audience; we must remember that what we perform will be our major ââ¬Å"appearance.â⬠Goffman also articulates that ââ¬Å"It is an appearance on the front stage,â⬠which also implies that there is an aspect of our personalities that yet remains on the back stage b ut front stage is what Goffman is concerned with thus our performance for others will be routinely acknowledged by society. As Speakers in our school clubs and dinners, we are considered actors in a front stage performance.According to an article ââ¬Å"The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life: Selectionsâ⬠by Goffman, he refers to our performances as ââ¬Å"All the activity of an individual which occurs during a period, marked by continuous presence before a particular set of observers and has some influence on our observers.â⬠He also mentions that there are various elements in our appearances. The stage setting includes our physical layout while the background supports our stage. The setting will allow the audience to follow our performance, while the appearance and our method basically describes our social status and the role we play will demonstrate to the audience the level of our educational background and enlighten them whether we are involved in social activities or if we are aggressive actors, displaying us as great leaders in our performance.In ââ¬Å"The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life: Selectionâ⬠, Goffman divided the front stage into two parts; we ââ¬Å"giveâ⬠and ââ¬Å"give offâ⬠. The give involves verbal symbols which he utilized to convey the information in helping the performer and audience to engage in the performance, while the ââ¬Å"give offâ⬠includes a wide range of action performances in which the audience may consider feeling sympathy for the actor.Since there is a front stage, there must also be a back stage, where we relax and showcase our full identities without being concerned with how others perceive us.According to the lecture notes by Professor Steve, most of our time is spent performing on front stage, which means wearing costumes and dressing up, however, our back stage performance is a place where we hide our true problems, since everyone does have a secret about themselves. A person ma y have a drinking problem, gambling or some illegal activity that they wish to keep private. They may try to hide pieces of their life and during their performance, they may give a different impression to others about who they really are. Goffman offers that we have to conceal the process in order to make our stage performance. If Goffman is correct in his theory, then we all are exceptional actors who deserve to win Oscars!As Goffman pointed out in his article (Goffman, 1959) ââ¬Å"The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life: Selectionâ⬠, ââ¬Å"In order to get the setting right for the performance, manner calculating is also important,â⬠which means that good designs should be a big part of the setting and like Mary Harron, Goffman shares her ideas of first impressions, as in her online article ââ¬Å"Pop Art/ Art Popâ⬠, she mentions that one of the reasons that Andy Warhol became a famous pop artist was due to the fact that he respectfully, knew how to calculate and manipulate the media.Warhol has displayed a man who had respect for money, fame and power. He is a famous artist, who within his social connections is incredibly large, therefore, Harron made the connection that it is not only Warhol who became famous but the people around him; his friends and coworkers became famous, as well. All famous people have one thing in common; they have more stages to perform on than an average individual, while one stage is for the media and the public, the other stages are held out for their friends and family.ââ¬Å"Movies, radio and TV have changed the nature of fameâ⬠, Mary Harron explains that Andy Warhol used this type of communication to build the idea of Pop Art and today, in our society because Andy Warhol is a symbol of pop, and plays the achievement role in his performances and Pop Art is a standard that people and society determine on their own.Warhol built up an idealization of society as he heightened their expectations by expressing h is wealth and power. Goffman also agrees that material possessions are expressed as one of the most important parts of social class as a status symbol.According to our lecture notes, Goffman believes that each of us possess secrets and display our freakiness in some fashion and if we behave in an anticipated manner or perform differently than what others expect, they may feel that we are behaving irrationally, so there is the chance that you could be considered less desirable as a human being.The movie ââ¬Å"Boyââ¬â¢s Donââ¬â¢t Cryâ⬠was inspired by a true story by Brandon Teena who has a sexual identity crisis, since she was born with a femaleââ¬â¢s body but thinks like a male. She cut her hair and taped down her breasts which made her look like a man; her way of setting her stage for her own performance; one that began when she arrived in Nebraska. The new audience had no idea that she was a female. When Brandon Teena falls in love with Lana and becomes one of Lanaà ¢â¬â¢s friends, performing as a young male, she offered a grand performance. Garfinkel offered that she ââ¬Å"Engaged in activities that made her appear to be something she wasnââ¬Ët.â⬠The movie is not only about Brandonââ¬â¢s performance but about the environment that supports her status. Garfinkel also believes that we have to manage our own identities through hard work, achievement and accomplishment.There was nothing wrong with Brandon Teena as a person but she was not accepted and marginalized by the society, so she failed in her performance and end up murdered by Lanaââ¬â¢s friendsI do believe that our society is changing because bisexuals are becoming more common and people tend to treat bisexuality as normal and in the movie ââ¬Å"Boyââ¬â¢s Donââ¬â¢t Cry,â⬠(Peirce, 1999) we understand how important and effective a front stage and back stage performance can be as we all want to find a spot in society where we can belong.In a personal experience of my own, I was studying aboard in England. When I first arrived at the school, I behaved as a quiet and shy stranger because I didnââ¬â¢t know anything about the people, in England. I didnââ¬â¢t want to offer a performance, until I know more about them. When I was approached for conversation, I changed my performance by offering an outgoing person, who did want to talk and be socially interactive, in order to make friends.Sometimes, I am nice to people that I donââ¬â¢t like and I play that role. Goffman refers to this behavior as playing different roles, while others call it being two-faced, but the more I think about it, I understand that everyone might have more than two faces on their stage in life.There are many instances during my life performances, where I will be forced to make alterations but I will continue performing, offering an award winning performance! Why Are We So Concerned With Our Image Essay Thank you for reading this Sample! Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-47432390633080599452020-03-19T01:20:00.001-07:002020-03-19T01:20:04.583-07:00Treatment Rehabilitation of Grade II Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) Injury The WritePass JournalTreatment Rehabilitation of Grade II Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) Injury Introduction Treatment Rehabilitation of Grade II Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) Injury IntroductionGeneral Knee AnatomySpecificà Medial Collateral Ligament AnatomyBiomechanicsMechanism of InjuryPhysical Examination/Clinical AssessmentRadiographClassification of InjuryTreatment and Rehabilitation ObjectivesInflammatory Phase (up to 72 hours post injury)Proliferation Phase (3-21 days post injury)Increased range of motion was also enhanced by using a stationary bicycle (Wilk et al., 1996).A.à à à à à Basic ExercisesProprioceptionConclusion/SummaryReferencesRelated Introduction The superficial medial collateral ligament (MCL), and other medial knee stabilisers (most notably the deep medial collateral ligament and the posterior oblique ligament) are the most commonly injured ligamentous structures of the knee (Grood, et al., 1981; Hughston, 1981; Phisitkul, et al., 2006; van der Esch, et al., 2006). The majority of MCL tears are isolated and predominantly occur in young people participating in sports activities. Typically, the mechanism of injury involves valgus knee loading, external rotation or a combined force vector- particularly prevalent in sports such as football and skiing which involve these type of forces and repetitive knee flexion (Peterson, et al., 2000). In the United States, occurence of these types of injuries to the knee has been reported to be 0.24 per 1000 during any given 12 month cycle and to be twice as high in males 0.36 compared with 0.18 in females (Daniel, et al., 2003). In actual fact, the incidence of these types of injury is probably much higher than reported as many minor MCL injuries are never even assessed or treated by medical personnel. In terms of treatment, the approach to medial knee injuries has changed dramatically over recent years. As the understanding of the anatomy, biomechanics, and causes of medial knee injuries has evolved, as has the treatment. à Whilst in the 1970ââ¬â¢s and 1980ââ¬â¢s surgical treatment for MCL injuries was common place, today most MCL injuries are treated conservatively with early rehabilitation (Phisitkul, et al., 2006). In general, all isolated Grade I and II tears and even the majority of Grade III tears can be treated non-operatively with a supervised, functional, rehabilitation program. Excellent results can be expected with return to full pre-injury activity level being the norm (Bradley, et al., 2006). This paper will research and interpret some of the relevant literature that is available to us, with the aim of developing and implementing a functional rehabilitation plan (in keeping with the principles of soft tissue healing) that is suitable for the treatment of a Grade II MCL injury of a 33-year-old, male, semi-professional footballer (the patient). General Knee Anatomy The knee joint, is the largest and most complex synovial joint of the human body (Bradley, et al., 2006). Figure 1: Anterior view of the patellofemoral joint. Hawkins (2009) The patella, patella ligament and femur combine to form the patellofemoral joint (Saladin, 2001). The patella itself is a triangular-shaped sesamoid bone that is attached to the quadriceps tendon. This tendon inserts into the trochlear groove on the femur and primarily acts to increase the ââ¬Ëmechanical advantageââ¬â¢ of the quadriceps muscle group (Hamill Knutzen, 1995). The lateral and posterior aspects of the knee joint are encapsulated by a joint capsule whilst the anterior section of the knee is protected by the patella ligament (and its retinacula). The quadriceps and the hamstrings are the prime movers of the knee joint knee ââ¬Ëextensorsââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ëflexorsââ¬â¢ respectively. The quadricep group of muscles are located on the anterior part of the thigh and comprise of the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius. They converge on the patella tendon, travel over the patella and insert onto the tibial tuberosity. In addition to knee extension, the quadriceps group of muscles (in combination with the iliopsoas) are also responsible for flexion of the hip (Saladin, 2001). The hamstring muscles are found on the posterior section of the thigh and comprise of the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus. They are responsible for the flexion of the knee joint and (together with the gluteus maximus) the extension of the hip joint (Saladin, 2001). The main stabilisers of the knee are the quadriceps tendon (to front of the thigh) and the semimembranosus tendon (at the back of the thigh) (Saladin, 2001). The medial and lateral collateral ligaments are primarily responsible for preventing the knee from rotating during extension (Saladin, 2001). The anterior cruciate ligament and the posterior cruciate ligament stop anterior and posterior translation of the tibia relative to the femur (Saladin, 2001). Specificà Medial Collateral Ligament Anatomy Medial knee stability is provided, for the most part, by its ââ¬Ëmedial staticââ¬â¢ and its ââ¬Ëdynamicââ¬â¢ stabilisers. The medial static stabilisers, which work as an integrated unit, are the superficial MCL, the posterior oblique ligament and the middle third of the deep MCL. The dynamic stabilisers are the per anserinus tendons most notably the semimembranosus tendon (Peterson Renstrom, 2001). The superficial MCL is, on average, 11cm long and 0.5cm wide. It originates from the medial femoral condyle (anterior to the tubercle) and travels, distally, to insert 5-7cm below the joint line on the anteromedial tibia (just below the insertion of pes anserinus tendons). The anterior fibres of the superficial MCL tense during knee flexion whilst its posterior fibres slacken. The superficial MCL is tight during external rotation of the knee (Peterson Renstrom, 2001). The middle third of the deep MCL is a short structure about 2-3cm long and is attached to the meniscus underlying the MCL. This part of the ligament is relatively ââ¬Ëslackââ¬â¢ to facilitate knee motion whilst short enough to hold the meniscus firmly in position. In terms of injury, the deep MCL can be ruptured both proximally and distally to the meniscal attachment (regardless of the location of the tear of the superficial MCL). The posterior oblique ligament is a thick capsular ligament originating just behind the superficial MCL (at the condyle just below the joint line). The posterior oblique ligament becomes ââ¬Ëslackââ¬â¢ during knee flexion (Peterson Renstrom, 2001). Biomechanics Biomechanical studies show that the MCLââ¬â¢s main function is to resist valgus (outward side motion of the leg) and external rotation forces of the tibia in relation to the femur . The superficial MCL has been found to be responsible for 57% of medial stability at 5ÃÅ¡ of knee flexion and up to 78% at 30ÃÅ¡ knee flexion. The deep MCL accounted for 8% at 5ÃÅ¡ and 4% at 30ÃÅ¡ whilst the posterior oblique accounted for 18% and 4% respectively. Mechanism of Injury The player reported to the clinic approximately 24 hours after the injury occurred. The player was able to weight bear. When asked how the injury occurred the player stated that he was running at pace to ââ¬Ëclose down an opposing playerââ¬â¢ and then described performing a ââ¬Ëchange of directionââ¬â¢ or ââ¬Ëcuttingââ¬â¢ manoeuvre. He stated that as he planted and pushed off his right leg, he experienced a sudden excruciating localised pain and an immediate lack of stability in his right knee. This caused him to collapse. As stated, the primary mechanism of injury to the MCL is most commonly a valgus stress (Fetto, et al., 1978). However, due to the position of the knee and the force vectors involved, a combined flexion/valgus/external rotation injury is usually the end result (Hayes, et al., 2000). The vast majority of MCL injuries are from a lateral force to the distal femur with the foot being fixed to the ground, although non-contact valgus external rotation injuries are common the latter being particularly prevalent in sports such as football and skiing (Perryman, et al., 2002; Pressman, et al., 2003). Because of the complexities of knee injuries, it is important to perform a complete knee examination in order to rule out other potential problems such as fractures, cruciate ligament tears, menisci ruptures or chondral cartilage damage (Bradley, et al., 2006). Physical Examination/Clinical Assessment The best time for examination of the knee is immediately after the injury before muscle spasm occursà (Phisitkul, et al., 2006). Unfortunately, as in this case, that is not always feasible. However, a 24 hour period of rest and immobilisation (which the patient undertook) is usually sufficient for muscle spasm to subside and relaxation to occur (Hughston, et al., 1976). This allows an effective examination and assessment of the injury. The injury was examined and assessed through a combination of subjective and objective approaches. Important initial information obtained through speaking with the patient and preliminary observations included the location of pain, the ability to ambulate after the injury, time and onset of swelling, the presence of deformity, and the immediate site of tenderness (Indelicato Linton, 2003). The location of oedema and tenderness can accurately identify the injury site of the superficial collateral ligaments in 64% and 76% of cases respectively (Hughston, et al., 1976). The exact location of injuries of the deep MCL and the posterior oblique ligament are more difficult to palpate because of their deep-seated position, but pain and tenderness in this area can at least indicate the presence of injury to these posteromedial structures (Sims Jacobsen, 2004) On asking the patient to indicate the most painful spot, he pointed to the medial aspect of the right knee joint. The area indicated by the patient suggested injury to the MCL. Contralateral comparison of the knees was carried out in order to identify areas of oedema and/or deformity. Significant swelling and slight discolouration was observed on the medial aspect of the right knee joint. Upon palpation of both knee joints, a noticeable heat differential was felt in the affected area. While keeping the patient relaxed, a valgus stress testà (MCL test) was performed with the knee in 30ÃÅ¡ of flexion (figure 1), and compared to the contralateral knee as a control. The examination was then repeated with the knee in 0ÃÅ¡ of flexion to recruit the function of remaining posteromedial structures (figure 2). The valgus stress test proved positive in contralateral comparison in 30ÃÅ¡ of flexion and negative in 0ÃÅ¡ of flexion. The absence of laxity in the second test reduced suspicions of any associated injuries to the secondary restraints such as the cruciate ligaments and the posterior capsule. In addition, a number of other tests were carried out to assess whether any injuries, commonly associated with MCL injuries, were prevalent (bone bruises, ACL tears, lateral collateral ligament tears, medial meniscus tears, lateral meniscus tears, and posterior collateral ligament tears). Anteromedial rotatory instability (often present when there is evidence of anterior subluxation of the medial tibial plateau during a valgus stress test with the knee in 30ÃÅ¡ of flexion) was assessd by performing the anterior drawer test (figure 3) whilst holding the tibia in external rotation. This proved negative and therefore ruled out the possibility of a posterolateral knee injury rather than a medial knee injury. Lachmanââ¬â¢s test (figure 4) and the Pivot shift test (figure 5) were also performed to negate the existence of any ACL rupture whilst Murrayââ¬â¢s test (figure 6) was carried out to assess the integrity of the Meniscus cartilage. All these tests also proved negative. The results of the assessment supported the initial belief that the patient was suffering a superficial MCL injury with the posterior oblique ligament still intact and no associated damage to either the cruciate ligaments or meniscus cartilage of the knee. Radiograph In accordance with the Ottawa knee rules (Stiell, et al., 1997) it was decided that radiographs were not required for this injury. More recent work has shown the Ottawa knee rules to be very successful in reducing unnecessary radiography, whilst ensuring a high level of recognition fractures (Bachman, 2003). The Ottawa knee rules state that a radiograph is required only in patients who have an acute knee injury with one or more of the following: Age 55 years or older Tenderness at head of fibula Isolated tenderness of patella Inability to flex to 90à ° Inability to bear weight both immediately and in the emergency department Classification of Injury In 1976 (revised in 1994) Hughston standardised MCL injury classification into two related systems the severity system (Grade I, II III) and the laxity system (grade 1+, 2+ 3+). Under this combined classification system, Grade I involves a few damaged fibres resulting in localised tenderness but no instability or laxity. A Grade II injury involves a disruption to substantially more fibres, with more generalised tenderness but still no instability (although it is not uncommon for a degree of laxity with the knee in 30ÃÅ¡ flexion). A Grade III injury is a complete tear of the ligament with resultant instability and laxity. Grade III injuries are then sub-classified according to the extent of laxity (determined by the amount of absolute joint separation from valgus stress with the knee in 30ÃÅ¡ of flexion). Grade 1+, 2+, and 3+ laxities indicate 3-5 mm, 6-10 mm, and more than 10 mm of absolute medial separation respectively. Fetto and Marshall (1978) defined Grade I injuries as those without valgus laxity in both 0ÃÅ¡ and 30ÃÅ¡ of flexion, Grade II injuries as those with valgus laxity in 30ÃÅ¡ of flexion but stable in 0ÃÅ¡ of flexion, and Grade III as those with valgus laxity in both 0ÃÅ¡ and 30ÃÅ¡ of flexion. The injury was subsequently classified as an isolated Grade II MCL injury in accordance with Hughston (1976 1994) and Fetto Marshall (1976). Using a full return to sport as an indicator of a successful end point, Ellsasser et al (1974) treated 74 professional football players with incomplete tears of the MCL using a functional rehabilitation program. In this study, a success rate of 98% was found compared with a 74% success rate for a separate group treated surgically. In the non-operative group, return to play occurred between 3 and 8 weeks. Return to play was even quicker in a study by Derscheid and Garrick (1981). They treated football players with Grade I and Grade II injuries with a specific rehabilitation programme. Players with Grade I MCL injuries returned to full play in an average of 10.6 days, whereas those with Grade II MCL injuries returned in an average of just 19.5 days, with neither group showing a propensity for injury reoccurrence. Based on this research, a consensus on the time it would take for the patient to return to full sporting activeity would be 3-8 weeks. Treatment and Rehabilitation Objectives An appropriate treatment and rehabilitation plan is required to restore normal function to the knee joint and the surrounding soft tissues with a view to enabling the patient to return to his sport as early and effectively as possible with no residual symptoms and a minimal risk of injury reoccurrence All soft tissue injuries, regardless of their nature and severity, undergo the same three stages of healing the inflammatory phase, proliferation phase and the remodelling phase. The time required to complete each healing stage is dependent up on the nature and severity of the injury. However, of note, numerous investigations comparing surgical and non-surgical treatment have reported no advantages of surgical intervention over non-surgical intervention (Quarles Hosey, 2004; Phisitkul et al., 2006). The following treatment and rehabilitation plan was designed and implemented to address the needs of the patient. Inflammatory Phase (up to 72 hours post injury) The inflammatory phase is characterised by heat, redness, swelling and pain generally leading to a loss of movement and function. The goals of treatment at this stage were: Protect injury Control oedema Prevent associated muscle atrophy Regain range of motion Increase weight bearing capacity Maintain general fitness/strength P.R.I.C.E (Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation) The P.R.I.C.E. regimen is employed following injury with a view to controlling the haemorrhage, decreasing inflammation, reducing tissue metabolism and minimising secondary hypoxic injury, cell debris and oedema.à Research has suggested that the sooner after injury that cold therapy (cryotherapy) is started, then the more beneficial the reduction in metabolism will be (Knight et al., 2000). Elevation has been shown to have a significant effect on reducing effusion (Oââ¬â¢Donohue, 1976). The patient reported that he had already applied ice intermittently during the 24 hour period between injury occurrence and assessment approximated to have fulfilled 4 x 20 minute applications of crushed ice at 2 hourly intervals with the knee in an elevated position in line with commonly agreed protocol. He also reprted that he had kept the injured limb elevated for sustained periods. Measurement On inspection the right knee was swollen over the lateral aspect with a small amount of visible bruising. At this time the patient was asked to indicate his level of pain using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Measurement of the girth of the knee was also taken using a tape measure whilst active flexion and was also assessed using a goniometer. These measurements would be continually reassessed throughout the rehabilitation process in order to assess progress and outcomes. Continued active flexion was also encouraged at this time. Simple ââ¬Ëknee bend and straightenââ¬â¢ exercises, with the patient lying in a supine position on an exercise mat the movement repeated 10-20 times,à 3 times a day, with a view to increasing active range of movement (figure 1) . The patient was also instructed in different exercises to maintain cardiovascular fitness and upper body conditioning. The patient also received a massage to the upper and lower leg (particularly the quadriceps group of muscles) in an elevated position using effleurage techniques to aid removal of waste products via the lymphatic system reflexive muscular inhibition of the quadriceps has been thought to be the result of the pain associated with MCL injury (Dixit, et al., 2007). The knee was then strapped. Strapping The knee was strapped to assist healing and reduce the risk of aggravating the injury. The knee was strapped in a position of 30ÃÅ¡ flexion with the lower leg partially rotated inwards (figure 1). A combination of ââ¬Ëlower leg and thigh anchorsââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëmedial crossââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ëmedial straight lineââ¬â¢ taping techniques, usingà zinc oxide tape and elastic adhesive dressing,à were employed to provide suitable support for the patient and reduce and valgus stress (figure 2). Experience has shown that this type of strapping is preferable to the use of a knee braces in Grade II MCL injuries as the strapping can be re-applied whenever required with the correct level of compression and support required. There is some concern that functional braces may expose athletes to additional risk by imparting a false sense of confidence. It is reported that lower extremity muscle strengthening, flexibility improvements, and technique refinement are more important than functional bracing in treating ligamentous knee injuries (Christenson, 2010). The patient was advised to continue elevating the limb, as much as possible, for the following 24 to 48 hours. Anti-inflammatory medication Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication (ibuprofen) was prescribed to the patient, via NHS Direct, two hours after injury. Whilst some studies have shown no early adverse affect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the strength of healing torn MCLââ¬â¢s (Moorman, et al., 1999), it remains controversial as to whether inhibiting the inflammatory response is uniformly advantageous. Pain and disability following injury are in part due to the inflammatory response and, whist it is suggested that decreasing the inflammation decreases the symptoms (therefore allowing earlier rehabilitation) (Weiler, 1992), it is also important to consider that inflammatory cells are responsible for clearing away cell debris and necrotic fibres and without this phagocytic function regeneration may not be able to begin (Reynolds et al., 1995, Almekinders et al., 1986, Jones 1999). As the patient reported that the pain had subsided over the last 24 hours (measured using a visual analogue scale), he was advised to continue taking the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication only when necessary. Proliferation Phase (3-21 days post injury) The proliferation stage involves the repair and regeneration of the injured tissue (development of new blood vessels, fibrous tissue formation, re-epithelialisation and wound contraction) and begins approximately 72 hours after injury. The goals of this rehabilitation phase included: ââ" à à à à à à à à à à à à Decrease effusion ââ" à à à à à à à à à à à à Decrease pain ââ" à à à à Restore full range of motion ââ" à à à à Enhance joint strength ââ" à à à à Introduce proprioceptive exercise ââ" à à à à à Achieve full pain free weight bearing statu Maintain general fitness and strength levels It has been stated that ligaments heal with a stronger and more organised collagen fibril architecture when early mobilisation and exercise is employed during the healing process (Osborne and Rizzo, 2003). Therefore, in addition to continuing the treatments introduced during the inflammatory phase (ice, intermittent compression, and massage), manual joint mobilisation techniques were also employed at this stage. Comprehensive zinc oxide and elastic adhesive strapping, removed and re-applied by the patient whenever necessary (particularly during active flexion exercises), was also continued. Pain scale assessment, ankle girth measurement and goniometer measurements were continually monitored throughout the proliferation phase. As stated, n the proliferation phase, the goals are to continue re-establishing full range of motion, increase muscular strength/power/endurance, and adding in functional activities. Exercises include isotonic exercises to isolate and strengthen particular muscle groups, such as in the hip and thigh regions (knee extension, leg press, hamstring curls and hip exercises). In order to re-establish the dynamic stability of the knee joint, it is crucial to strengthen the hip and calf musculature, with an emphasis on progressive Closed Kinetic Chain exercises (such as wall squats, step-ups, lateral lunges and stair climbing) that foster proprioception (Wilk et al., 1996). Range of Movement (RoM) Range of movement exercises were significantly progressed from the inflammatory phase. Active and passive movements continued with the addition of manual mobilisation techniques for the knee joint. The following advanced knee stretches were utilised with a view to restoring movement to the joint and improve flexibility of muscles crossing the knee. The patient was advised to carry out each separate muscle group stretch 3 times daily (provided they do not cause or increase pain). i.à à à Quadriceps Stretch Treatment couch was used for balance. Heel taken towards your bottom, keeping knees together and back straight until patient felt a stretch in the front of their thigh (figure 1). Held for 15 seconds and repeatedà 4 times at a mild to moderate stretch (pain free). ii. Hamstring Stretch Patientââ¬â¢s foot was placed on chair. With knee and back straight, patient leant forward at hips until he felt a stretch in the back of his thigh/knee (figure 2). Held for 15 seconds and repeated 4 times at a mild to moderate stretch (pain-free). iii.à Calf Stretch With patientââ¬â¢s hands placed against the wall, his leg was stretched behind him as demonstrated in figure 3. Keeping his heel down, knee straight and feet pointing forwards, the patient gently lunged forwards until he felt a stretch in the back of his calf/knee. Held for 15 seconds and repeatedà 4 times at a mild to moderate stretch (pain-free). iv. ITB Stretch Patientââ¬â¢s leg was placed behind his other leg and taken as far away from him as was comfortably possible. Patient then pushed his hips to the side of his leg until he felt a stretch in the outer thigh/hip (figure 4). Back was kept straight throughout. Held for 15 seconds and repeatedà 4 times at a mild to moderate stretch (pain-free). v. Adductor Stretch Standing tall, and with back straight, pateintââ¬â¢s feet were placed approximately twice shoulder width apart. Patient then gently lunged toà one side, keeping hisà other knee straight, until he felt a stretch in the groin of his straight leg (figure 5). Held for 15 seconds and repeatedà 4 times at a mild to moderate stretch (pain-free). Increased range of motion was also enhanced by using a stationary bicycle (Wilk et al., 1996). Strengthening Strengthening work for the lower limb musculature continued in a progressive form (as pain allowed). The following knee strengthening exercises were designed and implemented with a view to improving the strength of the muscles surrounding the patientââ¬â¢s injured knee. The patient began with the basicà knee strengthening exercises, advanced to intermediateà knee strengthening exercises and eventually undertook the advanced knee strengthening exercises. A.à à à à à Basic Exercises To begin with, the following basic knee strengthening exercises were performed approximately 10 times each, 3 times a day, during the first week of rehabilitation. As knee strength improved, the exercises were progressed by gradually increasing the repetitions and strength of contraction. i. Static Inner Quadriceps Contraction Patient was instructed to tighten his quadriceps muscle group by pushing his knee down into a rolled towel (figure 1). Placing his fingers on his inner quadriceps (vastus medialis) allowed the patient to feel the muscle tighten during contraction. Held for 5 seconds and repeated 10 times as hard as possible pain free. ii. Quads Over Fulcrum Patient was instructed to lie on his back, with a rolled towel under his knee, and told to relax the knee (figure 2). Patient then slowly straightened his knee as far as possible tightening the front of his thigh (quadriceps). Held for 5 seconds and repeated 10 times as hard as possible pain free. iii. Static Hamstring Contraction Patient began this exercise by sitting with his knee bent to about 45ÃÅ¡ (figure 3). He then pressed hisr heel into the floor tightening the back of his thigh (hamstrings). Held for 5 seconds and repeated 10 times as hard as possible pain free. B. Intermediate Exercises The following intermediate knee strengthening exercises were generally performed 1-3 times per week (during weeks 2 and 3 of the rehabilitation programme). Ideally they were not performed on consecutive days, to allow muscle recovery. As the knee strength improved, the exercises were progressed by gradually increasing the repetitions, number of setsà and/or resistance of the exercisesà provided they did not cause or increase pain. iv. Knee Extension in Sitting vs. Resistance Band Patient sat with with his knee bent and a resistance band was tied around his ankle (figure 4). Keeping his back straight, patient slowly straightened his knee, tightening his quadriceps. He performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions on each occasion. v. Hamstring Curl vs. Resistance Band The patient was instructed to lie on his stomach with a resistance band tied around his ankle as shown (figure 5). He then slowly bent his knee whilst tightening his hamstrings (figure 6). He performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions on each occasion vi. Squat with Swiss Ball Patient stood with his feet shoulder width apart and facing forwards. A Swiss ball was placed between the wall and his lower back to add an element of proprioception (figure 7). Patient then slowly performed a squat, keeping his back straight. His knees were kept in line with his middle toes and did not move forward past his toes. Performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions on each occasion. vii. Lunges Patient stood with his back straight in the position shown (figure 8). He then slowly lowered his body until the front knee was at a right angle (figure 9). His knee was kept in line with his middle toe and his feet facing forward. Performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions on each occasion. viii. Heel Raises Patient used treatment couch for balance (figure 10). Whilst keeping his feet shoulder width apart and facing forwards, patient slowly move up onto his toes raising his heels as far as possible and comfortable without pain. Performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions on each occasion. C.à à à à à Advanced Exercises The following advanced knee strengthening exercises were generally performed 1 3 times per week (from week 4 of the rehabilitation programme onwards). Ideally they were not performed on consecutive days, to allow muscle recovery. As the knee strength improved, the exercises were progressed by gradually increasing the repetitions, number of setsà or resistanceà of the exercises provided theyà did not cause or increase pain. ix. Single Leg Squat with Swiss Ball Patient stood on one leg with his foot facing forwards. A Swiss ball was placed between the wall and his lower back to incorporate a proprioceptive element (figure 11). Patient slowly performed a squat, keeping his back straight. Patient ensured his knee did not bend beyond 90ÃÅ¡ and was in line with his middle toe. His knee didnââ¬â¢t move forward past his toes. Performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions on each occasion. x. Lunges with Weight Patient stood holding light weights, with his back straight in the position shown (figure 12). He slowly lowered his body until the front knee was at a right angle. Knee was kept in line with his middle toe with feet facing forward. Performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions on each occasion. xi. Single Leg Heel Raises Patient stood on one leg with treatment couch for balance (figure 13). Keeping his foot facing forwards, patient slowly moved up onto his toes, raising his heel as far as possible and comfortable without pain. Performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions on each occasion. xii. Hamstring Curl on Swiss Ball Exercise began with patient lying on his back with a Swiss ball under his legs as demonstrated (figure 14). Keeping his back straight, patient slowly bent his knees and tightened the hamstrings. Performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions on each occasion. Proprioception ââ¬ËThe awareness of position, movement or balance of the body or any of its partsââ¬â¢ (Prentice, 1994). As observed in the ââ¬ËStrengtheningââ¬â¢ section of the proliferation phase, early proprioception exercises are started at this point. Many of the more basic strengthening exercises identified were progressed by getting the patient to close his eyes closed and/or changing the surface that he was standing on e.g. mini trampoline, air filled cushion, sponge cushions, wobble and rocker boards. During the proliferation phase all proprioceptive work is undertaken with the injured joint strapped with zinc oxide strapping providing confidence to the patient by its perceived level of support. Other specific proprioception exercises used at this stage included: Balance on swiss ball (figure 1) Balance on trampette (figure 2) Balance during leg press (figure 3) Dips on uneven surface (figure 4) Balance on Bosu ball (figure 5) Balance while throwing ball to alternate hands (figure 5) The exercises were progressed by time and/or by increasing the repetitions. All exercises would be performed bilaterally. Variations for proprioceptive exercise were almost endless a vital element in avoiding patient and therapist boredom. It was also important to this rehabilitation programme that exercises could also be carried out at home (as patient also had a full time job). Cardiovascular fitness and general strengthening was also addressed at this time using circuit training, swimming and cycling. Remodelling Phase (21 days to 12 months post injury) The remodelling phase of healing is a long-term process often taking years to complete (Prentice, 1994). Factors that can impede the rate of healing are varied and include surgical repair, poor vascular supply, infection, disease, wound size, health, age and nutrition In terms of rehabilitation, during this phase more aggressive strengthening and mobilisation was required to ensure optimum tissue realignment and strength. The goals of treatment in the remodelling phase were: ââ" à à à à à à à à à à à à Regain full strength ââ" à à à à à à à à à à à à Ensure full pain free range of motion ââ" à à à à à à à à à à à à Maintain overall conditioning ââ" à à à à à à à à à à à à Prepare for return to full participation Range of Motion (RoM) exercises continued with a greater emphasis being placed on ââ¬Ëhands on workââ¬â¢ in the form of joint mobilisation to ensure full movement is achieved. The strengthening work that was started in the proliferation phase was continued and progressed (in terms of resistance, speed and repetitions) whilst further emphasis was placed on general fitness at this time introducing more sport specific activities. Running drills were progressed from linear to exercises involving change of direction at high pace with and without a ball. Specifically, when the patient was able to run at 75% of maximum speed, figure 8 drills were used beginning with 20m and then 10m figure 8ââ¬â¢s. Advanced cutting drills at 45ÃÅ¡ and finally 90ÃÅ¡ were also added. Proprioception exercises will be progressed, with a more sport specific content. This involved hopping onto various unstable surfaces (figure 1), hopping on a mini trampoline whilst side foot volleying a ball (figure 2), hopping forwards, sideways and backwards over hurdles at varying pace (figure 3) and practising the kicking action whilst planting the foot on an unstable surface (figure 4). Throughout this phase and when returning to full function the patient continued to wear zinc oxide and elastic adhesive strapping to minimise the possibility of recurrence of injury. Ice was used predominantly after exercise to guard against recurrent pain and swelling. When an athlete achieves the goals of the remodelling phase, they are close to returning to full participation. As earlier identified, Derscheid and Garrick treated 23 Grade II MCL patients and all were returned to playing football within 19 days (4 to 19 day range, 10.6 day mean). However, many of these athletes did not feel they were 100% for several weeks. For this reason, further rehabilitation including strengthening, dynamic knee stabilisation, plyometrics, SAQ drills and proprioception exercises should be completed until the athlete feels 100% and is able to play without inhibition (Wilk et al., 1996). Maintenance exercises, even after return to sport, that promote continuation of strength, endurance, and function are also vitally important to consider (Wilk et al., 1996). Pre Discharge The pre-discharge stage is vital. It is the time for the therapist and patient to decide whether or not a return to full unrestricted activity can take place. Return to full activity was allowed once the following were achieved: Ligamentous examination is normal Quadriceps strength is 90% or greater than the contralateral limb Sport/activity specific agility testing causes no pain To achieve these requirements, the patient was asked to do everything that is expected of him when returning to their chosen sport, including replicating the conditions in which the injury was caused. In this case the patient was required to run, sprint, jump, tackle, pass the ball over varying distances, change direction at speed and be able to withstand full physical contact. Cardiovascular fitness would be assessed by repeating the baseline testing done in pre-season and comparing the results Rehabilitation does not stop at this stage and the patient was instructed to continue with his proprioception and specific strengthening exercises for several months to minimise the chances of injury recurrence. Conclusion/Summary When undertaking the treatment and rehabilitation of medial knee injuries it is vital to understand and comply with the underlying pathology during the stages of healing to ensure optimum results. The treatment goal for any competitive athlete is an early and effective return to sport, without any residual symptoms and minimal risk of recurrence. This is achieved by following an individually tailored treatment and rehabilitation program with a built in maintenance plan to be continued well beyond the initial return to activity. References Abbott, L.C., Saunders, J., Bost, J.C. (1944). 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Medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee: a rationale for treatment. Clin Orthop, 132: 206-218. Grood, E.S., Noyes, F.R., Butler, D.L., Suntay, W.J. (1981). Ligamentous and capsular restraints preventing straight medial and lateral laxity in intact human cadaver knees. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 63: 1257-69 Hamill, J., Knutzen, K.M. (1995). Biomechanical Basis of Human Movement. Philadelphia; Lippincott Williams Wilkins: 86-88, 227-233. Hawkins, R.D., Hulse, M.A., Wilkinson, C. (2000). The association football medical research programme: an audit of injuries in professional football. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 35: 43-47. Hawkins, W. (2009). The Will to Perform: A Female Athleteââ¬â¢s Epidemic. Hayes, C.W. (2000). Mechanism-based pattern approach to classification of complex injuries of the knee depicted at MR imaging. Radiographics, 20: S121ââ¬âS134. Hughston, J.C. (1994). The importance of the posterior oblique ligament in repairs of acute tears of the medial ligaments in knees with and without an associated rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament. Results of long-term follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 76: 1328-44 Indelicato, P.A. (1983). Non-operative treatment of complete tears of the medial collateral ligament of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg, 65a: 323-329. Indelicato, P., Linton, R. (2003). Medial ligament injuries in the adult. Philadelphia; Saunders: 1938-1949. Knight, K.L., Brucker, J.B., Stoneman, P.D. (2000). Muscle injury management with cryotherapy. Athletic Therapy Today, à 5: 26-30 Moorman, C.T., Kukreti, U., Fenton, D.C. (1999). The early effect of ibuprofen on the mechanical properties of healing medial collateral ligament. Am J Sports Med, 27: 738-741. Norris, C.M. (1998) 2nd Edition. Sports Injuries Diagnosis and Management. Oxford; Butterworth-Heinemann. Oââ¬â¢Donohue, D.H. (1976). Treatment of Injuries to Athletes. Philadelphia; Saunders: 698-746. Osborne, M.D., Rizzo, T.D. (2003). Prevention and treatment of ankle sprain in athletes. Sports Medicine, 33(15): 1145-1150. Perryman, J.R., Hershman, E.B. (2002). The acute management of soft tissue injuries of the knee. Orthop Clin North Am, 33(3): 575-585. Peterson, L., Junge, A., Chomiak, J., Graf-Baumann, T., Dvorak, J. (2000). Incidence of football injuries and complaints in different age groups and skill-level groups. Am J Sports Med, 28(5): 51-57 Peterson, L., Renstrom, P. (2001) 3rd Edition. Sports Injuries: Their Prevention and Treatment. London; Martin Dunitz. Phisitkul, P., James, S.L., Wolf, B.R., Amendola, A. (2006). MCL injuries of the knee: current concepts review. Iowa Orthop J, 26: 77-90 Prentice, W.E. (1994). 2nd Edition. Rehabilitation techniques in sports medicine. St. Louis; Mosby. Pressman, A., Johnson, D.H. (2003). A review of ski injuries resulting in combined injury to the anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligaments. Arthroscopy, 19(2): 194-202. Quarles, J.D., Hosey, R.G. (2004). Medial and lateral collateral injuries: Prognosis and treatment. Prim Care Clin Offce Pract, 19: 957-975. Reider, B., Sathy, M.R., Talkington, J. (1993). Treatment of Isolated medial collateral ligament injuries in athletes with early functional rehabilitation. Am J Sports Med, 22: 470-476. Reynolds, J.F., Noakes, T.D., Schwellnus, M.P. (1995). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs fail to enhance the healing of acute hamstring injuries treated with physiotherapy. South African Medical Journal, 85(6): 517-522. Saladin, K.S. (2001) 2nd Edition. The Unity of Form and Function. New York; McGraw Hill Company: 327-338 Sims, W.F., Jacobson, K.E. (2004). The posteromedial corner of the knee: Medial-sided injury patterns revisited. Am J Sports Med, 32(2): 337-345. Stiell, I.G., Wells, G.A., Hoag, R.H., Sivilotti, M.L.A., Cacciotti, T.F., Verbeek, P.R., Greenway, K.T., McDowell, I., Cwinn, A.A., Greenberg, G.H., Nichol, G., Michael, J.A. (1997). Implementation of the Ottawa Knee Rule for the Use of Radiography in Acute Knee Injuries. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278: 2075-2079. van der Esch, M., Steultjens, M., Ostelo, R.W., Harlaar, J., Dekker, J. (2006). Reproducibility of instrumented knee joint laxity measurement in healthy subjects. Rheumatology (Oxford), 45: 595-599 Warren, L.F., Marshall, J.L. (1979). The supporting structures and layers on the medial side of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg, 61a: 56-62. Weiler, J.M. (1992). Medical modifiers of sports injury: the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in sports soft tissue injury. Clinical Sports Medicine, 11(3): 625-644. Wilk, K.E., Andrews, J.R., Clancy, W.G. (1996). Nonoperative and Postoperative Rehabilitation of the Collateral Ligaments of the Knee. Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine, 4(3): 192-201. Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-42702739068079864252020-03-02T17:04:00.001-08:002020-03-02T17:04:03.636-08:00Elizabeth Cady Stanton Quotes on Women, Equality LifeElizabeth Cady Stanton Quotes on Women, Equality Life One of the best-known of the mothers of woman suffrage, Elizabeth Cady Stanton helped organize the 1848 womans rights convention in Seneca Falls, where she insisted on leaving in a demand for the vote for women despite strong opposition, including from her own husband. Stanton worked closely with Susan B. Anthony, writing many of the speeches which Anthony traveled to deliver. Selected Elizabeth Cady Stanton Quotations We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal.Truth is the only safe ground to stand upon.But when at last woman stands on an even platform with man, his acknowledged equal everywhere, with the same freedom to express herself in the religion and government of the country, then, and not until then, will he be able to legislate as wisely and generously for her as for himself.The moment we begin to fear the opinions of others and hesitate to tell the truth that is in us, and from motives of policy are silent when we should speak, the divine floods of light and life no longer flow into our souls.Self-development is a higher duty than self-sacrifice.The happiest people I have known have been those who gave themselves no concern about their own souls, but did their uttermost to mitigate the miseries of others.I am always busy, which is perhaps the chief reason why I am always well.Whatever the theories may be of womans dependence on man, in the supreme m oments of her life he can not bear her burdens. (from Solitude of Self) Nature never repeats herself, and the possibilities of one human soul will never be found in another. (from Solitude of Self)Because man and woman are the complement of one another, we need womans thought in national affairs to make a safe and stable government.Woman will always be dependent until she holds a purse of her own.A mind always in contact with children and servants, whose aspirations and ambitions rise no higher than the roof that shelters it, is necessarily dwarfed in its proportions.It requires philosophy and heroism to rise above the opinion of the wise men of all nations and races.Womanhood is the great fact in her life; wifehood and motherhood are but incidental relations.Women have crucified the Mary Wollstonecrafts, the Fanny Wrights, and the George Sands of all ages. Men mock us with the fact and say we are ever cruel to each other.Men say we are ever cruel to each other. Let us end this ignoble record and henceforth stand by womanhood. If Victoria Woodhull must b e crucified, let men drive the spikes and plait the crown of thorns. So long as women are slaves, men will be knaves.It would be ridiculous to talk of male and female atmospheres, male and female springs or rains, male and female sunshine . . . . how much more ridiculous is it in relation to mind, to soul, to thought, where there is as undeniably no such thing as sex, to talk of male and female education and of male and female schools. [written with Susan B. Anthony]To throw obstacles in the way of a complete education is like putting out the eyes.The prejudice against color, of which we hear so much, is no stronger than that against sex. It is produced by the same cause, and manifested very much in the same way. The negros skin and the womans sex are both prima facie evidence that they were intended to be in subjection to the white Saxon man.Women of all classes are awakening to the necessity of self-support, but few are willing to do the ordinary useful work for which they are fitted.The heyday of womans life is the shady side of fifty.I think if wo men would indulge more freely in vituperation, they would enjoy ten times the health they do. It seems to me they are suffering from repression. [at the 1893 Parliament of the Worlds Religions] The new religion will teach the dignity of human nature and its infinite possibilities for development. It will teach the solidarity of the race that all must rise and fall as one. Its creed will be justice, liberty, equality for all the children of earth.The Bible and the Church have been the greatest stumbling blocks in the way of womens emancipation.The memory of my own suffering has prevented me from ever shadowing one young soul with the superstitions of the Christian religion.Among the clergy we find our most violent enemies, those most opposed to any change in womans position.I asked them why one read in the synagogue service every week the I thank thee, O Lord, that I was not born a woman. It is not meant in an unfriendly spirit, and it is not intended to degrade or humiliate women. But it does, nevertheless. Suppose the service read, I think thee, O Lord, that I was not born a jackass. Could that be twisted in any way into a compliment to the jackass? More About Elizabeth Cady Stanton Elizabeth Cady Stanton BiographySolitude of SelfComments on Genesis: Excerpt from The Womans Bible, Stanton About These Quotes Quote collection assembled by Jone Johnson Lewis. à This is an informal collection assembled over many years. I regret that I am not be able to provide the original source if it is not listed with the quote. Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-46109711009025629592020-02-15T08:31:00.001-08:002020-02-15T08:31:02.769-08:00Solution Description Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsSolution Description - Research Paper Example Primary interventions address coronary artery disease risk factors whilst secondary intervention addresses the health adverse outcomes. Patientââ¬â¢s safety can only be improved through medical adherence. This depends on the patient self-management such as lifestyle modification. All these need support from the health care system. Proposed solution From the survey conducted, it is evident that among the young males newly diagnosed with coronary artery disease, 70% of them have diabetes mellitus and hypertension in their medical history. In addition to that, 60% of these people smoke. However, they regularly carry out some physical exercise and do not have any idea of what coronary artery disease means to their health. This, therefore, means that they do not understand what is expected of them in order to contain the disease with reference to dietary. Given the fact that this population has no idea on diet, they have to be taught on what is expected of them. According to Hermida (2 011), changes in dietary can help in reducing the young menââ¬â¢s systolic blood pressure due to diabetes mellitus and hypertension in their medical history. The dietary factors that need to be considered by this group are reduced amount of salt intake and saturated fat contents. Adherence to these controls helps in managing hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Besides dietary changes, these individuals need to be encouraged not to smoke and also shun environmental smoke (Mosca et al., 2007). Compliance with lifestyle modification improves the patientââ¬â¢s quality of life via eliminating premature deaths and preventing further complications. To the patientsââ¬â¢ immediate family, compliance relieves them of the negative psychological effects of losing their loved ones. Additionally, adherence conserves the resources of the family that would have been channeled in the obtaining of health care. Organizational culture: This section aims to illustrate how lifestyle modification , as the proposed solution, is consistent with the organization of resources and culture of the society. To the society at large, patient compliance with treatment is an effective measure of saving costs. This is because it decreases complications of incidents and the need for further medications. This is of great significance to the health care public financed systems. Compliance has a great impact on the health care system. For instance, it limits hospitalization needs and reduces workloads on the healthcare system staff. In addition, satisfactory outcomes of treatment boost the attending clinicianââ¬â¢s morale whilst failure in treatment frustrates them and impacts their work delivery. Expected Outcome of the Project The expected outcome of the project is to improve the adherence of the patients to enhance their safety. The main reason is that chronic conditions such as the coronary artery disease need a lot of care. In addition, most of this care focuses on the patient self-m anagement. As a result, it requires complex multi-therapies and medical technology use for monitoring patient lifestyle change. Therefore, if these patients are not supported adequately by the health care system, they may be prone to risks that are life-threatening. The outcome will be achieved by educating the patients on lifestyle modifications such as the amount of salt intake, significance of physical activity, avoiding smoking, reducing the Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-34911015361686847732020-02-02T06:36:00.001-08:002020-02-02T06:36:03.446-08:00Team Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsTeam Reflection Paper - Essay Example During the ACC 544, Internal Control System, I was a member of team C. The purpose of this paper is to describe the interaction and learning experience that occurred during this course through the team learning mechanism. I have taken over 15 courses at the University of Phoenix online at the graduate level. Each of these courses had team assignments to be performed by a small group of students of 3-6 members. I believe that the university is doing a great job in their teaching methods because it is preparing us for the workplace of the future. Virtual teams are a hot trend in the managerial field due to the globalization movement and the fact that there are thousands of global corporations worldwide. ââ¬Å"Managing a virtual team means managing the whole spectrum of communication strategies and project management techniques as well as human and social processes in ways that support the team. During the last six weeks I had the privilege to work with an outstanding team. It was a pl easurable experience working with a great group of professionals. Starting in week 1 team C always had great communication among the members. Communication in the workplace is an important variable that must be managed well by the leaders of an organization. Communication problems can lead to misunderstanding and conflict. Team C did not experience any of these symptoms. Whenever anyone was called upon to deliver data or information everyone responded promptly. As I mentioned earlier I have been a part of several work teams at the University of Phoenix. I believe that this team has been the most functional and productive team I have ever been in. The academic results prove my premise. Team C received a perfect grade of 25/25 on five projects the team completed. Iââ¬â¢m a good student, but I do not have a 4.0 G.PA. Team C achieved perfection due to its hard work, commitment to excellence, cooperation, outstanding communication, and concise writing. I wished I would have had these teammates with me in all my previous courses. One of the best things about Team C was the lack of an ego. In other team I have worked on somebody always wants to be the team leader without getting approval from the other members. Team C did not have that problem. I believe that the leadership responsibilities were shared equally among the members. I loved the fact that the team member willingly divided the work parts without having anyone tell them to do things they did not want to do. Another great aspect about the team was the punctuality of the deliverables. At the University of Phoenix online the members of study teams depend on each other. If one member fails to deliver their work on time it creates a chain reaction that affects the quality of the work of the team. Team C cared about each other and respected the academic well being of the other members. The perfect grade the team was able to achieve in the five assignments will increase the chances of all the team members obtai ning a passing grade at the end of the course. I enjoyed working with this team because there was mutual respect among all the players on the team. The team was very organized throughout the entire course. This help the communication process because everyone always knew what they were supposed to do. I took initiative prior to week four and week five projects of creating an outline a few weeks before of how to separate the work in the team. This strategy worked well as everyone knew Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-18174534420313618712020-01-25T03:00:00.001-08:002020-01-25T03:00:03.526-08:00Religion, Poverty and Wealth Essay examples -- Poverty Essays Religion, Poverty and Wealth Poverty is now a problem on a global scale, and Hinduism has needed, and will continue to need, to undertake an ongoing state of change and adaptation. Many of the beliefs Hindus held only a couple of centuries ago have been altered or even removed altogether. The globalisation of Hinduism, bringing it into contact with a wide range of other cultures and religions, has influenced this a lot. Hinduism, however, is full of variations itself, so what is said of Hinduism may be true for some Hindus, and false for others. Hinduism is less a religion, than a culture, and way of life. This way of life affects how they view poverty and wealth, and what there reactions to it are, as outlined below. Unlike many other societies, where the caste system is based on power or wealth, thus giving the poorest the least power, Hinduism has four set castes, which a member belongs to by birth. These groups are called varnas, and each has its own set of rules and duties to live by, known as dharma. Too much inter-varna mixing, especially intermarriage, is strongly disapproved of. The first, and highest varna is that of a Brahmin-priests, teachers, and wisemen. The next is Kshatriya-warriors, rulers, and leaders. The third is Vaishya-traders, merchants, agriculture, and other work involved with commerce. The final, and lowest varna is Sudra-manual labour and service. In many societies, the difference between the high and the low, in terms of social status, has caused great troubles, due to discontentment of the poor and weak to continue living like they are. In Hinduism, however, this problem is avoided, by the promise o... ... many Hindus to make a small donation to the poor, and will give old clothes or shoes away, rather than throwing them out. MK Gandhi changed many old Hindu beliefs with his teachings. He taught that it is wrong to think that a poor person is only getting what they deserve. He believed that everyone was a part of God, and people should recognise that they share the same world and should care for one another. He taught that service to others was the best way to find God and comprehend fully the human condition. This had a profound effect on the treatment of the poor in India today. There are many charities set up for helping the poor in India, such as the Hindu Mission Hospital and Prison Fellowship India. These receive many donations from many Hindus-even those overseas will often send back money to help the poor. Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-27205595752339554692020-01-16T23:24:00.001-08:002020-01-16T23:24:05.172-08:00Pen BiographyThe Pen Mortality is a fact of life for everyone and has been since Creation. As humans, we have the intelligence to realize and understand this because we possess the ability to reason and to learn. This ability, when combined with the presence of Life that keeps us in existence, beckons us to secure the future in some way and for some reason(s). We need not only the chance at life beyond our own which comes with the birth of our children, but also to leave our own names, our own ideas and beliefs secured onto something more solid than the spoken word yet not as heavy as stone tablets.In he arid, desert climates this came in the form of parchment . In locations with more water and vegetation, it came from the papyrus plant. But in either climate, something was needed to stain the language onto this new device. That something was the first pen. The Dawn of Pen-kind As early as 2,800 years before Christ, the pen was beginning to appear as a writing implement in the world. Its first fo rm was that of a dried reed, its tip cut at an angle so to create a line of ink instead off blot. To write with it, simply dip the cut tip of the reed into an ink supply, then gently press the dipped tip against the paper .This was a simple meaner of writing that required raw materials ample in the environment. The degree of technology it used can be seen as only slightly higher than the scientific concept of the sharpened wedge (blade) used to cut an angle on the reed tip. The small effort needed to build a pen was far less than that of the ink needed. Nature grew the reed, humans merely plucked it from the ground and sliced off its bottom tip. During this period of Antiquity, the Egyptians had also constructed the Great Pyramids and the Sphinx.By no meaner was the pen as physically large and omelet a creation as the wonders of the world, which were constructed with the sole purpose of being the final resting-place of the Pharaoh. However, the reed pen had a much more profound, a m uch greater effect on the world and the path our present-day history took. There are no records to indicate any one person or group as the inventors of the pen. Rather, it is was a creation made to assist in the posterity of an Empire, and on that would effect all empires the earth would ever see.Israel, people of the Great WHY, the Creator, God, and one of the fiercest fighting people of the contemporary world, Egan their ascendancy into History by two stone tablets, engraved with the Ten Commandments by the hand of God. God can use stone without any trouble at all. He's all-powerful. To us humans, however, stone can get both heavy and impractical. We have no omnipotent powers to create and create and create whole encyclopedias from stone by sheer thought. We have to sit down and chisel away for hours and ideal thing for humanity to use as a writing implement.Along the same lines of uselessness, Papyrus, though very much lighter and easier to store away, was really just some plant strips without the use of the pen. Thanks to the pen, however, the Israelites, as well as the rest of the writing world, have secured themselves with ink on the pages of History. This is evident in the nightstand drawer of Just about every motel room in America. The prime of life for the reed pen lasted until around the 6th century AD, where the earliest recorded reference to quill pens was made by Spanish theologian SST. Isadora of Seville . The quill is a flight feather off bird.It is made ready for writing by, like the reed pen, slicing of the tip at an angle so as to have a point for ink to bleed onto papyrus or parchment. Before the cutting, however, the quill must first be hardened y heating it or simply letting it dry. A special penknife was usually used in cutting the tip, but any sharp blade could do the Job. Writers using the quill often had to recur the tip so to maintain its edge. Though there is no rule depicting any species mandatory as the origin of the feather, goose , swan, crow, and (later) turkey were preferred because of both the size of the feathers and the abundance of birds to obtain them from.This new pen was the main writing utensil used in Europe for the next 1,300 years. Its affordability was great, and its use was limited only by the spread of literacy. (Incarnate 98) As writing increased, commerce began creating more documentation than the Church. Hence, so to save money and time, new, more durable writing tools were sought after. Horn, tortoiseshell, and even gemstones were tested, but steel was ultimately used as a replacement for the quill tip. (Incarnate 98) Such a precise steel structure as a pen was not easily manufactured.They did not become popular until about the 19th century when free public education for children became prevalent. (Incarnate 98) Through the years as civilization developed and education became noticed for the potential that it gives humanity. Writing, a prerequisite to any complex civilization, became emph asized in education, and the popularity of the skill of quill cutting began a speedy decline. In 1803, English engineer Bryan Domain became the first person to patent a steel pen. (Incarnate 98) This patenting marked the entry of the pen into commercialism as a product for sale.We, as materialistic beings, decided that it would be best for us to profit from the pen rather than from the education available with the use of it. In 1884, a New York insurance salesman, Lewis Waterman, patented the first fountain pen with its own internal reserve of ink. He fountain pen would gradually become the prominent writing instrument until it was replaced by the ballpoint pen Just after World War II. (Incarnate 98) In our unending human efforts to improve upon old ideas, the ballpoint pen was developed.This new device had several advantages over the other pens that had The ink was waterproof and almost unarguable; the pen could write on many more kinds of surfaces and could be held in almost any p osition for writing, and the pressure required to feed the ink was ideal for making carbon copies. The advent of this new device has had an incredible effect on the writing of history. When we look at what a rudimentary part of everyday life the pen plays in society, it's hard to imagine life without it. Think about how often you pick up a pen and write something.Or, if you only type, consider that without a pen, the inventor would not have been able to put his thoughts for a typewriter, word processor or computer into a drawn plan, and, therefore, none would exist today. The same can be said for Just about every invention since the industrial revolution! Even as far back as Leonardo Dad Vinci, the pen had been used as a tool to expand the mind as well as secure the past. Inventors and dreamers scribbled away at drawings of such preposterous ideas to their contemporaries that we could not know of their attempts were it not for the pen.Dad Vine's drawing of man, his helicopter, and o ther ideas of his could never have been know were it not for the pen. Likewise, computers today have their own version of the pen. The stylus and light pen have been used as interface systems to input information into computers for years. The pen is due thanks for that. If you want to say, ââ¬Å"well, what about the pencil? â⬠FORGET IT! The pencil wasn't invented until around 1795 AD . The pen had already been around for centuries.In fact, it's not unthinkable to imagine today's world using much the same stone tablets as The Flintiness. The bottom line is this: without a written language that could easily be used to transmit information across both space and time, our society, our world, being the complex civilization that it is, would not have developed. Cities, schools, and everything we take for granted in or society would not exist. At best, we would be engraving cave walls with pictures or some basic language. We would not be the ever-increasing global community we are t oday. Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-68162483064051959812020-01-08T19:45:00.001-08:002020-01-08T19:45:04.199-08:00An Introduction to Sicilian The Language of Sicily What is Sicilian? The real question is what isnt Sicilian? Sicilian is neither a dialect nor an accent. Itââ¬â¢s not derived from Italian. Itââ¬â¢s not spoken onlyà in Sicily. Sicilian (u sicilianu) in Sicilian andà sicilianaà in Italian) is the oldest of theà Romance languagesà derived from Latin, and itââ¬â¢s spokenà in Sicily and in parts of southern Italyà such asà Reggio di Calabriaà andà southern Puglia. Itââ¬â¢s derived fromà Latin, withà Greek,à Arabic,à French, Provenà §al,à German, Catalan andà Spanishà influences. Sicilian is currently spoken by most of the 5,000,000 inhabitants of Sicily, plus another 2,000,000 Sicilians around the world. With the predominance of Italian in Italian schools and the media, Sicilian is no longer the first language of many Sicilians. In fact, in urban centers in particular, its more common to hear standard Italian spoken rather than Sicilian, especially among the younger generation. Sicilian as Art? But what most people donââ¬â¢t know is that Sicilian developed as a form of art many years before what we currently define as ââ¬Å"Italianâ⬠! In fact, evenà Dante, father of Italian culture and dialect, referred to Sicilian poets and writers from the ââ¬Å"Sicilian Schoolâ⬠as pioneers in literary works and production written in vernacular Italian. The sicilian spelling of words is, like Italian, essentially phonetic. The spoken language is riddled with words of Arabic origin:à tabutuà (coffin) from Arabicà tabut. And in place names: Marsala, the Sicilian port, is from Allahs port,à marsà port à ala, from Allah. We can divide Sicilian dialect variations into three main areas: Western Sicilianà - From the Palermo areas to Trapani and AgrigentoCentral Sicilianà - Through the Ennaââ¬â¢s zonesEastern Sicilianà - Divided in Syracuse and Messina Nowadays, Sicilian is the principle way to communicate within the familyà (with a capital F). Itsà used as a convivial language and as a homey bond with those who live distantly. Whatââ¬â¢s Siculish? Did you know that Sicilian dialect spoken by Italian immigrants living in the USA is called ââ¬Å"Siculishâ⬠? The Sicilian novelist Giovanni Vergas surname means twigâ⬠or ââ¬Å"branch in Spanish. The Italian word isà virga. How Does it Sound? But letââ¬â¢s cut to the chase, how does this ancient language sound? Most of the words arenââ¬â¢t too far from the Italian language, butà howà they pronounce them changes the entire game. Bà - a normal ââ¬Å"b,â⬠heard several times in ââ¬Å"babbo, bosco, bamboleâ⬠¦,â⬠turns into a -V. So la botte ( the barrel) soundsà ââ¬Ëa vuttila barca ( the boat)à ââ¬Ëa varcail broccolo ( broccoli) becomesà uââ¬â¢ vrà ²cculu Double Là - Words like ââ¬Å"belloâ⬠e ââ¬Å"cavalloâ⬠becomeà beddu and cavaddu. Gà - between vowels falls and leaves only a slight trace: gatto sounds likeà attà ¹gettare (to throw) sounds likeà ittari Not all the sounds are squeezed though. There are cases that where letters strengthen and are redoubled in their sound. ââ¬Å"giâ⬠becomesà valiggiaà ( suitcase), and the Sicilian jacket,à a giacca, has to be read asà aggiacca. Whether youââ¬â¢re a foreigner or an Italian, Sicilian is a complicated language that you canà only hope to understand. We could spend hours listening to this wonderful and melodious language that hidesà a magic world dating back almost a thousand yearsà inside its devious words. Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-27708887758575423822019-12-31T16:11:00.001-08:002019-12-31T16:11:03.715-08:00A Good Man Is Hard To Findââ¬Â Essay - 2784 Words One of the most memorable lines from ââ¬Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Findâ⬠comes from the Misfit when he says, ââ¬Å"She would have been a good woman if it had been someone there to shoot her for every minute of her life (Oââ¬â¢Connor 309).â⬠Flannery Oââ¬â¢Connorââ¬â¢s depiction of Christian faith can be seen in almost all of her works. Inevitably, the plots in all of Oââ¬â¢Connorââ¬â¢s stories end with a shocking conclusion, and this leaves the reader with freedom to interpret the central idea. From the endless list of themes that Oââ¬â¢Connor embeds into her stories, ââ¬Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Findâ⬠is largely influenced by divine grace, hypocrisy, bitter reality, and white supremacy. The feeling of white supremacy can be repeatedly seen in Oââ¬â¢Connorââ¬â¢s writing, including ââ¬Å"Aâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦No, itââ¬â¢s just a way for her to prove how whites had more power than blacks back in the twentieth century. When she is exposed to nostalgic elements of her genteel past such as an abandoned plantation that ââ¬Å"had six white columns across the frontâ⬠and was once owned by whites, it is clearly visible how difficult it is for the Grandmother to cope with the world she now lives in (Oââ¬â¢Connor 303). Her longing to desperately revive the past is so strong that ââ¬Å"â⬠¦the more she talked about it, the more she wanted to see it once againâ⬠(Enjolras 37). Symbols like the plantation are reminders to her of the South that she used to enjoy as a child ââ¬Å"â⬠¦when whites were the masters and the blacks their slaves by rightâ⬠(Enjolras 37). She is now part of a racially infused South, where the oppressed African -Americans are improving their lifestyle and living amongst whites. This is not the only instance when the racial roles play a significant part in her life. When she sees the little black child in the countryside during the road trip and boldly refers to her as a ââ¬Ëpickaninny,â⬠it seems as if she considers the child a type of animal because she is so unlike her, revealing that she has never experienced poverty and misfortune as African-Americans didShow MoreRelatedIs It Hard For Find A Good Man?1739 Words à |à 7 PagesHadleigh Garza Ms. Vernon English 1302.05 March 26, 2015 Is it Hard to Find a Good Man? In the short story ââ¬Å"A Good Man is Hard to Findâ⬠Flannery Oââ¬â¢Conner introduces the story with the characters, the grandmother, her son Bailey, his wife, his two children June Star and John Wesley, and the baby, on the way to Florida for a vacation. Soon after the trip begins, the grandmother states that she wants to go Georgia to see a friend, but with her awful memory, she remembers it is actually in TennesseeRead MoreA Good Man Is Hard To Find1451 Words à |à 6 Pagesï » ¿What makes a good man How many people do you encounter each day whom considers themselves to be a righteous person? Do you agree or disagree with this persons judgement of their own character? Often a person might hide behind his or her religion as a justification for the actions made in every day life. Perhaps some people may decide that commiting enough positive actions can some how cancel out their negative actions, allowing them to consider themselves a righteous person. In Flannery OConnorsRead MoreA Good Man Is Hard To Find1460 Words à |à 6 Pages1102 Society and Class in ââ¬Å"A Good Man is Hard to Findâ⬠In Flannery Oââ¬â¢Connorââ¬â¢s short story, ââ¬Å"A Good Man is Hard to Findâ⬠the grandmother and the Misfit become the main focus even though the other characters are involved in the story. Throughout the entire story, The Misfit is portrayed as the symbol of evil because he was in jail; he escaped from jail, and he committed murders. The grandmother believes to be greater than the people that she are around because of the ââ¬Å"goodâ⬠that she portrays. The conventionalRead MoreA good man is hard to find2182 Words à |à 9 PagesThe Use of Religion in Flannery Oââ¬â¢Connorââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"A Good Man is Hard to Findâ⬠Flannery O Connor is a Christian writer, and her work shows Christian themes of good and evil, grace, and salvation. Oââ¬â¢Connor has challenged the theme of religion into all of her works largely because of her Roman Catholic upbringing. Oââ¬â¢Connor wrote in such a way that the characters and settings of her stories are unforgettable, revealing deep insights into the human existence. In Oââ¬â¢Connorââ¬â¢s Introduction to a ââ¬Å"Memoir of MaryRead MoreA good man is hard to find2745 Words à |à 11 Pages#1 A Closer Look Into ââ¬Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Findâ⬠By James ENC-1102 The short story I chose for my critical essay is a story that caught my attention with a gentle and inspiring title and as I began to turn pages it suddenly evolved into a theme that caught me off guard and I quickly became intrigued by elusive style of writing the author used to express this story in a unique form of literature. After reading Flannery Oââ¬â¢Connorââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"A Good Man is Hard to Findâ⬠, I will discuss the vividRead More A Good Man Is Hard To Find Essay638 Words à |à 3 Pages Good Man Is Hard To Find A Good Man is Hard to Find Flannery Oââ¬â¢Connorââ¬â¢s A Good Man is Hard to Find is filled with foreshadowing which the first time reader will not grasp, but leaps out of the pages for repeated readers. When first read, A Good Man is Hard to Find, the reader does not value the importance of the grandmother charter and her warning. She is thought to just be a rambling, nagging old lady. Even the grandmother does not realize the importance of what she is saying. The grandmotherRead MoreA Good Man Is Hard To Find Analysis743 Words à |à 3 PagesIn the Flannery Oââ¬â¢Connorââ¬â¢s short story, ââ¬Å"A Good Man is Hard to Findâ⬠we find out that the title indicates of what the story is about. The title actually came from the lyrics of a song written by Eddie Green in 1918. The title of ââ¬Å"A Good Man is Hard to Findâ⬠by Flannery Oââ¬â¢Conner is quite ironic really. The reader expects to eventually find a good man in the story, but is quite surprised at the ending of the story. The title A Good Man is Hard to Find is expressed clearly in this story by introducingRead MoreAnalysis Of A Good Man Is Hard To Find1071 Words à |à 5 PagesFlannery Oââ¬â¢Connorââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Findâ⬠, the definition of good can only be determined if we understand two things, the typical definition of good and what to make of the main character known as the Grandmother. The definition of good should first be noted as, ââ¬Å"that which is morally right; righteousness.â⬠This will be the analysis of the grandmother and the ultimate decision as to the definition of good throughout this story. In the Secular Meaning in ââ¬ËA Good Man is Hard to Find,ââ¬â¢ the discussionRead MoreEssay On A Good Man Is Hard To Find851 Words à |à 4 Pages Review on a story ââ¬Å"A Good Man is Hard to Findâ⬠In the story ââ¬Å"A Good Man is Hard to Findâ⬠by Flannery 0ââ¬â¢Connor, a southern family planning a road trip to Florida portrays the hypocrisy of the society through their actions and dialogues. Major question that rose in the story was what is considered good and how there arenââ¬â¢t enough good men left in the world.â⬠A social science major with several courses in English, Oââ¬â¢Connor is remembered by her classmates as obviously gifted but extremely shy. HerRead MoreEssay on A Good Man Is Hard to Find708 Words à |à 3 PagesSince the beginning of mankind there is been an unsolved issue of good verses evil. We see this controversial issue in everyday life, Such as Television, Newspaper, etc. It is not difficult to label the agent of evil in Flannery O Connors signature story, A Good Man is Hard To Find, says John, Desmond. The family is described as a typical modern family, which has all type of problems. Agreeing with each other is one of the biggest p roblems the family faces. The story starts of where Grandma Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-82585709881347857812019-12-23T11:58:00.001-08:002019-12-23T11:58:04.065-08:00Astrazeneca And Social Responsibility Essay - 1642 Words In this essay I am going to look at AstraZeneca PLC one of the worldââ¬â¢s top pharmaceutical companies. By describing several relevant cases and commenting on them I will try to evaluate the extent to which the Company acts under the principles framing its corporate governance and corporate social responsibility policies. To give brief overview, AstraZeneca PLC, formed on April 6, 1999, by the merger of British Zeneca Group PLC and Swedish Astra AB, is one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world. It is well illustrated by some key facts listed on the Companyââ¬â¢s website: ââ¬Å"Our products are available in over 100 countries; sales in 2005 totalled $24 billion, with an operating profit of $6.5 billion; we spend over $14 millionâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦(NYSE Group, 2006) It is a fact that if the corporation is large, it is bound to attract certain amount of attention. That is the price of being at the top. Therefore, when a company gets as big as AstraZeneca is, there are always some responsibilities to deal with. The days when corporations were only required to make profits for their shareholders are gone. For that reason, today companies are expected to act in a way that would bring most benefit to all stakeholders (i.e. ââ¬Å"individuals or groups which either: are harmed by, or benefit from, the corporation or whose rights can be violated, or have to be respected, by the corporationâ⬠(Crane Matten, 2004). It seems that AstraZeneca knows how to play the game. To begin with, not only have the Company its CR (Corporate Responsibility) policies and principles set, it also makes every effort to assure that these are being held. To support this, AstraZeneca has employed a Non-Executive Director with responsibility for supervising CR within company. Moreover, the Company has the whole Global Committee established to develop the CR framework, which adapted a little bit according to each areaââ¬â¢s national, functional and site issues and priorities is used in the Companyââ¬â¢s branches all over the world. In addition to these, AstraZeneca utilizes several different ways of evaluating the Companyââ¬â¢s performance. All that information is available at the Companyââ¬â¢s website to anyoneShow MoreRelatedAstrazeneca and Csr Essay1720 Words à |à 7 PagesIn this essay I am going to look at AstraZeneca PLC one of the worldââ¬â¢s top pharmaceutical companies. By describing several relevant cases and commenting on them I will try to eva luate the extent to which the Company acts under the principles framing its corporate governance and corporate social responsibility policies. To give brief overview, AstraZeneca PLC, formed on April 6, 1999, by the merger of British Zeneca Group PLC and Swedish Astra AB, is one of the biggest pharmaceutical companiesRead MoreHcs 335 Presentation to the Board of Ethics1056 Words à |à 5 PagesPresentation to Board of Ethics Ethics: Health Care and Social Responsibility HCS 335 June 16, 2013 Presentation to Board of Ethics Obtaining an informed consent is a vital part of current health care. This document lists out several key pieces of information for both the patient, Provider, and the ancillary staff that also access the document during the procedure process. However, obtaining informed consent has not always been the practice norm and in research, informed consent carriesRead MoreAstrazeneca: Swot Analysis1755 Words à |à 8 PagesPress releases of the company reveal its operational strengths. The corporate relationship management (CRM) tasks of Astrazeneca in Southeast Asia and New Zealand was given to the responsibility of StayinFront, a leading global provider of world-class enterprise-wide customer relationship management (CRM) applications, decision support tools and e-business systems (2004). Astrazeneca also has award schemes, specifically the Partnership Awards. Reportedly, the company has given 36 healthcare organizationsRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1637 Words à |à 7 PagesAs corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts continue to grow within industries world-wide, the pursuit of sustainably responsible investment (SRI) is becoming increasingly popular among investors looking to create a positive societal impact. Similar to ethical consumption, an organizationââ¬â¢s sustainability initiatives can motivate investors to not only provide monetary support for their company (stock holdings), but to influence their business decisions through shareholder advocacy as well (VoorhisRead MoreEthics and the Pharmaceutical Industry3188 Words à |à 13 Pagesconsideration Ã⢠I will respect the secrets that are confided in me, even after the patient has died Ã⢠I will not permit considerations of age, disease or disability, creed, ethnic origin, gender, nationality, political affiliation, race, sexual orientation, social standing or any other factor to intervene between my duty and my patient Ã⢠I will maintain the utmost respect for human life While ethics has always been a big part of medicine, it is not the same case with the pharmaceutical business. Even thoughRead MoreAstrazeneca Strategic Business Analysis2422 Words à |à 10 PagesAstraZeneca Strategic Business Analysis - Group Case Study Case Abstract Introduction AstraZeneca PLC (AstraZeneca, AZN:NYSE, AZN:LSE) is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. It was formed in 1999 from the merger of Swedenââ¬â¢s Astra AB and UKââ¬â¢s Zeneca Group plc. Core Activities AstraZeneca is engaged in the discovery, development, manufacturing and marketing of prescription pharmaceuticals and biological products for important areas of healthcare: Cardiovascular, GastrointestinalRead MoreStrategic Management : Mission And Goals2195 Words à |à 9 Pageschannels â⬠¢ Collaborators: to ensure distributors, suppliers, and business partners having the capabilities and commitments needed to help run the business â⬠¢ Climate: also called PEST analysis which analyze political and regulatory, economic, and social/cultural environment, plus technological analysis 2) Porter s Five Forces Industry Analysis It is a scanning of the industry environment. This model can apply for any type of business, from small to large. It can also be applied to a country toRead MoreLeadership and Group Members2528 Words à |à 11 PagesLeadership has been described as the ââ¬Å"process of social influence in which one person is able to enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common taskâ⬠. A definition more inclusive of followers comes from Alan Keith of Genentech who said Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen. FUNCTIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORY (Hackman amp; Walton, 1986; McGrath, 1962) is a particularly useful theory for addressing specificRead MoreRise Of The New Tech Companies Essay1719 Words à |à 7 Pagesbureaucracy and adhocracy, and provide research based arguments for both theories. The report will conclude with a possible and practical recommendation. Organisational structure is the framework for organising formal relationships of authority, responsibility and accountability (Rishipal, 2014). A carefully designed organisational structure is essential for success in a competitive business climate and according to Crossan and colleagues (as cited in Tiller, 2012), plays a role in helping meet an organisationââ¬â¢sRead MoreBenefits Of Corporate Social Responsibility Essay1888 Words à |à 8 PagesNAME: SUZANNE BRACCI CLASS: BMAL 560 SECTION: D05 FALL 2016 Critical Analysis Topic: Benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Pharmaceutical Industry PRINCIPLE: ï⠧ Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): a corporation should act in a way that enhances society and its inhabitants and be held accountable for any of its actions that affect people, their communities, and their environments (Lawrence and Weber, 2017, p. 48). ï⠧ The U.S. pharmaceutical industry is defined by the Census Bureau Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-20235743006235111812019-12-15T08:28:00.001-08:002019-12-15T08:28:02.989-08:00Contact (Call) Center Managers Free Essays 1. What lessons are there from these two examples for contact (call) center managers? Services are different from manufacturing, with the key service difference being the interaction of the customer in the delivery process. Service design is no longer considered to be an art form as logical approaches to better design and management of service systems are emerging. We will write a custom essay sample on Contact (Call) Center Managers? or any similar topic only for you Order Now In a facilities-based service, the customer must go to the service facility. In contrast, in a field-based service, the production and consumption of the service takes place in the customerââ¬â¢s environment. Internal services refer to services required to support the activities of the larger organization. There is a blurring of manufacturing and service firms since the manufacturer product always has a certain percentage of service content. Services are also seen as the next source of competitive advantage for firms. In services we also consider the amount of customer contact or the physical presence of the customer in the system. Service systems range from those with a high degree of customer contact to those with a low degree of customer contact. Service encounters can be configured in a number of different ways. The service-system design matrix includes six common alternatives. Flowcharting, like in manufacturing process design, is the standard tool for service process design. The flowchart, or service blueprint, emphasizes the importance of design. Poka-yoke systems applied to services prevent mistakes from becoming service defects. Approaches to services include the production line approach, the self-service approach, and the personal attention approach. Service guarantees are not only a marketing tool for services but, from an operations perspective, these guarantees can be used as an improvement incentive and can focus the firmââ¬â¢s delivery system on things it must do well to satisfy the customer How to cite Contact (Call) Center Managers?, Papers Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-22081755411338977922019-12-07T05:11:00.001-08:002019-12-07T05:11:03.861-08:00Netflix Employment Standards Question: Discuss about theNetflix for Employment Standards. Answer: Introduction Human resource department manages and oversees the aspects of employment like compliance with labour law, administration of employee benefits, employment standards, recruitment, and dismissal. Human resources department is divided into four key concepts, and they are training, development, career planning, and appraisal. Patty McCord, chief talent officer of Netflix Company, described few concepts in Human Resource that he learned from his experience (Brauns, 2013). Key Concepts and Rewarding System The key concepts of human resource department include training that means giving knowledge about the working of the organisation. It is an important part as it makes the employee familiar with the organisation. The second key concept of human resource is the development which includes the progress of an employee while working in an organisation. An employee develops with the experience that he gets from his associates, work experience and his mistakes (Caza, McCarter, Northcraft, 2015). The third key concept is career planning, when a person works in an organisation he comes to know his real potential regarding the job he is performing. His performance tells him about his future in the type of job he is doing and that way he can plan his career. The fourth and the most important key concept of human resource department is an appraisal. All the employees work to their best level to show their potential. It is important that the work of the employee should be appraised by his organisa tion. It is the duty of human resource department to select the best method to reward the employee for his hard work (Gashi, 2013). Netflix case-study explains the experience of Paddy McCord, and he has told few concepts that he believed, and the entire concept included rewarding the employee. His first point says to hire, tolerate, and reward fully formed adults because inexperienced; young generation can prove to be more expensive as they need more training and their mistake making chances are also more (McCord, 2014). One should tell the truth about the employees performance because this will help the employee to improve his shortcomings and the reward or appraisal can be decided as according to his performance. As Paddy McCord tells about his experience with his secretary who was skilled but not as required by the company, so they paid her well and asked her to leave which she accepted without hesitation. She said she can use this reward for making her career (Salie Schlechter, 2012). Its a managers duty to find right people for the company and its HRD duty to pay them the reward they are worth of. Both of t hese things will help the company to find the best team members for running the company (Ruona, 2016). Conclusion HRD plays a very important role in identifying the skills in a person and reward it as per the talent. HRD applies its four key concepts and finds out and retain the best person for the company. Paddy McCord is a member of HRD who searches the talent in people and gives them a career path as per the skill they carry. His experiences are associated with the rewarding human resources to state the importance of rewarding system for a betterment of the company. Hence, it concludes that the rewarding Human Resources help a company to get the best out of its employees. References Brauns, M. (2013). Aligning Strategic Human Resource Management To Human Resources, Performance And Reward.International Business Economics Research Journal (IBER),12(11), 1405. Caza, A., McCarter, M., Northcraft, G. (2015). Performance benefits of reward choice: a procedural justice perspective.Human Resource Management Journal,25(2), 184-199. Gashi, R. (2013). Strategic Human Resources Management: Human Resources or Human Capital.AJIS. McCord, P. (2014). How Netflix Reinvented HR.Harvard Business Review, Pg 71-76. Ruona, W. (2016). Evolving Human Resource Development.Advances In Developing Human Resources. Salie, S. Schlechter, A. (2012). A formative evaluation of a staff reward and recognition programme.SA J. Hum. Resour. Manag.,10(3). Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-23522295952325110042019-11-29T16:53:00.001-08:002019-11-29T16:53:03.323-08:00Transformational Leadership Is Positively Related to Ocb Essay ExampleTransformational Leadership Is Positively Related to Ocb Essay Student ID: 12062298D Student Name: Lau Tsz Ling Argument: Transformational leadership is positively related to Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Introduction Choosing a good leading approach is critical for a leader to succeed in leading a team in order to achieve teamââ¬â¢s goal. Transformational leadership is one of the recommendable leadership theories for leaders to follow for motivating followers to accomplish more than what they have planned through various ways. Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is a ladder for followers to participate more and it is believed that transformational leadership can enhance the degree of OCB, but mostly through an indirect way, by influencing job satisfactions and organizational commitment and thus OCB. This essay first focuses on how transformational leadership affect followersââ¬â¢ behavior. The second part will be the relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfactions and organizational commitment. Finally, I will come into the indirectly effect of transformational leadership on OCB through job satisfaction and organizational commitment, by using Perceived organizational Support, Equity theory and Social-Exchange Theory for explaination. Transformational leadership According to Burns (1978), transformational leadership is a process that tries to move the consciousness of followers up through appealing to higher ideals and values. Bass (1985) suggests that transformational leader can make followers to pay more attention to consider the task outcomes value, act for the goal of the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Transformational Leadership Is Positively Related to Ocb specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Transformational Leadership Is Positively Related to Ocb specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Transformational Leadership Is Positively Related to Ocb specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Besides, it can also motivate the followers to put extra effort like putting high level goals instead of performing the minimum requirements of their work. There are 4 main factors suggests by Bass (1985) on transformational leadership. They are idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individual consideration and intellectual stimulation. The first factor, idealized influence, refers to the perception and action that followers toward leader (Bass,1985). If a leader act as a role model for the followers, they can be more easily to gain trust and respect from followers. The second factor is inspirational motivation. It means the articulation of a leaderââ¬â¢s vision which appeal and inspire followers (Berson, Shamir, Avolio Popper, 2001). The third factor, Individual consideration is that ââ¬Å"assignment are delegated to followers to provide learning opportunitesâ⬠(Williams, Pollai, Schriesheim, 1999:898). The last factor, intellectual stimulation, means that leader stimulate followersââ¬â¢ creativity in order to think in various ways so as to increase productivity. Organizational Citizenship Bahavior (OCB) Organ (1988) defines OCB as behavior of workers which is discretionary and excess their basic job requirements. This behavior is beneficial to organization. OCB is excluded from formally defined role prescriptions. Hence, it is hard for managers to reward employees who perform OCB and punish who does not perform (Moorman and Blakely, 1995). In aggregate, contributions from OCB enhance the effectiveness of organizational functioning. Therefore, it is the main concern of managers what they can do to make the employees carry out OCB. Organizational Commitment (OC) Allen and Meyer(1991) constructs a three-component model about OC. They are affective commitment, calculative commitment and normative commitment. Meyer and Allen(1991) proposes that affective commitment is the emotional attachment of individual to the organization with identification . Calculative commitment is defined as the need for an employee to stay in an organization due to their investment put and sunk costs. Normative commitment refers to the obligation of employees to remain in the organization (Allen Meyer, 1990). In some meta-analyses (Organ and Ryan,1995) (Meyer, Stanley, Herscovitch, Topolnytsky, 2002), they find that there is a positively relationship between affective and normative commitment and OCB, whereas no relationship between continuance commitment and OCB. In the following study, I will mainly focus on the effect of affective and normative commitment on OCB only. Job Satisfaction Locke (1976,p. 1300) defined job satisfaction as ââ¬Å"pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of oneââ¬â¢s job or job experiencesâ⬠. If employees feel success, gain joyful from their job, higher job satisfaction is resulted. In the following paragraphs, I am going to have a look on how transformational leadership is positively influencing Job satisfaction and commitment. Transformational leadership and Organizational Commitment Followersââ¬â¢ organizational commitment can be easily influenced by practicing transformational leadership. For example, helping followers in solving problems on their works, getting help in making decision when they face difficulties in choosing choice, caring their needs so as to develop their potential skills, creating a common goal among leaders and followers as well as highlighting the importance of each followers in achieving goals (Avolio, Zhu, Koh, Bhatia, 2004; Shamir, House, Arther,1993; Shamir, Zakay, Breinin, Popper, 1998). Followers will then feel being supported, self-esteem is elevated and adjust themselves to get into the same vision with leaders (Kent,2001). Finally, followers will pay back the leaderââ¬â¢s effort by putting higher commitment. The above relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment is supported by the Avolio and his colleaguesââ¬â¢ study(2004). They carried out the study in a large public hospital in Singapore and invited 520 staff nurses to participate. The result shows that transformational leadership is positively associated with organizational commitment through studying followersââ¬â¢ level of empowerment and structural distance. Although different level of empowerment and structural distance will influence the degree of organizational commitment, there is still a positive relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment. From another study done by Emery Barker(2007), which includes participates from banking and food industry, also find out that transformational leadership is positively correlated to organizational commitment and the level of commitment is higher than those follow transactional leader. Transformational leadership and Job satisfaction Cohrs, Abele, Dette (2006) suggest that one of the major determinants of job satisfaction is leadership and transformational leadership is one of it (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Morrman, Fetter,1990). By practicing transformational leadership, leaders can instruct a sense of mission and intellectual stimulation. (Bass,1985). Leaders can also know the needs and aspirations of followers so as to give them personal attention. Followersââ¬â¢ confidence, motivation and effectiveness can then be increased (WalumbwaKuchinke, 1999). Besides, Avolio and Bass (1995) believe that transformational leaders can build trust and respect with followers by giving individualized attention. When followers feel they have received the special attention from leaders, they are more willing to work harder to meet their expectations and longer-term goals. Job satisfaction is then increased. Walumbwa and his colleaguesââ¬â¢ (2005) has carried out a study on whether there is a relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction and organizational commitment. They have asked the participants, who are tellers and clerks form five banks in United States and seven foreign and local banks in Kenya to rate 3 items managersââ¬â¢ leadership behavior, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. The result shows that transformational leadership is related to both job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Emery and Barker(2007) also take study on customer contact personnel. It also shows that transformational leadership can increase job satisfaction and organizational commitment. In Avolio, Bass and their colleaguesââ¬â¢ (2004) research also shows that transformational leadership is connected with work-related behaviors and attitudes, including job satisfaction. From the above empirical studys and analyses, it is worth to believe there is a positively association between transformational leadership and job satisfaction. The above analyses and studies show out the positive relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction. In the following paragraph, I am going to show out how job satisfaction and organizational commitment act as mediator between transformational leadership and OCB. Organizational commitment Organizational Citizenship Behavior Organizational commitment is a multidimensional concept and I am going to use affective and normative commitment to be the mediator between transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behavior. When employee feel being cared, supported from their leader, higher affective commitment is resulted. One of the reason behind may be both are mainly related to emotion. As giving care and support is one part of the transformational leadership, the degree of affective commitment can be increased. With a stronger affective commitment, employees are more willing to work and put more effort in achieving organizational goal. Besides, affective commitment can influence employeesââ¬â¢ attention between the connection between their work performance and the organizational objective. They will have more evaluation on their own performance and how much their contribution is related to the success of achieving goal is. Increase in the degree of affective commitment will also increase the contribution from employees. With higher affective commitment, they have higher motivation to work and not only perform in-role performance i. e. their basic job requirement, but also the extra-role, for example, introduce the organizational structure and normal operations to the new employees which is included as OCB. This obligation can be created by the training provided from the organization and the interaction between leader and followers. When transformational leader provide idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individual consideration and intellectual stimulation to his/her followers, normative commitment of followers will be enhanced. This can be explained by Perceived Organizational Support(Elisenberger et al,2002) and Equity Theory(Adam,1965). According to Perceived Organizational Support (Elisenberger et al,2002), employees who have received high extent of attention, trust and support will reciprocate the organization with better performance. Referring to the Equity theory, Adam(1965) suggests that employee who enjoys superior treatment from the organization after compared with othersââ¬â¢ treatment will try to improve their work quality and productivity as return to leader or organization. However, the work outcomes are not singly determined by oneââ¬â¢s effort. As a result, employee will render the care and support by OCB. Therefore, with higher level of both affective commitment and normative commitment, higher degree of OCB is resulted. The positively correlation between OCB and affective commitment and normative commitment are supported by several study. Meyer and Hersocovitch(2001) claims that OCB is a consequences of OC. Besides, a positive relationship between affective and OCB is supported by Oââ¬â¢Reilly and Chatman(1986) study. Meyer, Stanley, Herscovitch and Topolnytskyââ¬â¢s research(2002) also find that affective and normative commitment is positively connected to OCB. In Snape, Chan and Redman(2006) study, it shows that increase in degree of organizational commitment will increase the level of OCB. Job Satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behavior When transformational leaders help employees to solve problem, stimulate them to develop their potential, provide care and support to the followersââ¬â¢ needs, they will have a higher motivation to work and logically a better performance. Gaining the feeling of success from job will then increase their job satisfaction. Williams and Anderson(1991) said that one of the most important predictors of OCB is job satisfaction and there is a strong positive relationship between them. In other words, the higher the job satisfaction, the higher the motivation and the better the work performance is. Griffith(2003) suggests that employees with higher job satisfaction will have a higher evaluation about the organization. They are more willing to help others and do more than what they are required to do, i. e. performing extra-role performance. Besides, in order to reciprocate the organization as employees find satisfaction from their job, employees are more willing to commit themselves to the organization, resulting in performing OCB in return. The relationship between job satisfaction and OCB can be explained by Social Exchange Theory (Emerson, 1976). The costs and benefits from work can be both mental and physical. The ââ¬Å"costsâ⬠of work can be the time forgone, feeling tired, rap from managers, etc. , whereas the ââ¬Å"benefitsâ⬠from the job are salaries, success in achieving organizational goals as well as the job satisfaction. When the degree of job satisfaction is high, the benefits will increase and the cost will decrease at the same time. As a result, the ââ¬Å"worthâ⬠to work will be increased. In order to repay the worth from work, employees is more easily to perform OCB in exchange. There are several studies and meta-analyses shows that there is a positively relationship between job satisfaction and OCB. The meta-analyses carried out by Organ and Ryan(1995) shows that there is a positive relationship between job satisfaction and OCB. Organ and Ryan(1995) makes a study on nurse about the relationship between job satisfaction and OCB and it shows a positive result. The degree of OCB is also positively correlated to job satisfaction (Organ and Lingl, 1995) Conclusion To conclude, I have discussed the relationship between transformational leadership, organizational commitment, job satisfaction and OCB. As a transformational leader will influence the degree of followersââ¬â¢ organizational commitment and job satisfaction, and the degree of organizational commitment and job satisfaction is also correlated to employeesââ¬â¢ willingness of performing OCB, it is worth to believe that transformational leadership can influence OCB indirectly. Although there are many studies and meta-analyses have been carried out to study their relationship, the important thing is to practice it out. Leader should try to become a transformational leader to motivate and encourage their followers. Through the practice, followers will gain support and care. They will then reciprocate the organization by making improvement in both in-role and extra-role (OCB) performance. Finally, organizational efficiency and goals are improved and achieved. References Adams, J. S. 1965. Inequity in social exchange. Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 62:335-343. Allen, N. J. and Meyer, J. P. 1990), The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to the Organization, Journal of Occupational Psychology, Vol. 63: 1-18. Allen, N. J. and Meyer,J. P. (1991), ââ¬Å"A Three-Component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitmentâ⬠, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 1 (1):61-89 Avolio, B. J. and Bass, B. M. (1995), -Individual Cons ideration Viewed at Multiple Levels of Analysis: A Multi-Level Framework for Examining the Diffusion of Transformational Leadership? , Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 6 (2): 199ââ¬â218. Avolio, B. J. , Bass, B. , Walumbwa, F. , Zhu, W. 2004). MLQ Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire: Technical report, leader form, rater form, and scoring key for MLQ Form 5x-Short (3rd ed. ). Redwood City, CA: Mind Garden. Avolio, B. J. , Zhu, W. , Koh, W. , Bhatia P. (2004), ââ¬Å"Transformational Leadership and Organizational Commitment: Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment and Moderating Role of Structural Distanceâ⬠, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vio. 25:951-968. Burns, J. M. (1978), Leadership, New York: Harper Row Bass, B. (1985), Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations, New York: The Free Press Berson, Y. , B. Shamir, B. J. Avolio and M. Popper, 2001. The Relationship between vision strength, leadership style, and context. The Leadership Quarterly, 12: 53-73 Cohrs, J. C. , Abele, A. E. and Dette, D. E. (2006), -Integrating Situational and Dispositional Determinants of Job Satisfaction: Findings from Three Samples of Professionals? , The Journal of Psychology, Vol. 140 (4): 363ââ¬â395. Eisenberger, R. , Huntington, R. , Hutchison, S. , Sowa, D. 1986. Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 500 ââ¬â507; Rhoades, L. , Eisenberger, R. 2002.. Emerson, Richard M. (1976). Social Exchange Theory. Annual Review of Sociology 2. PMIDà 335-362. Emery, C. R, Barker, K. J. (2007), -The Effect of Transactional and Transformational Leadership Styles on the Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction of Customer Contact Personnel? , Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, Vol. 11 (1): 77-90. Griffiths, B. (2003), ââ¬Å"Do What You Love For The Rest Of Your Life : A Practical Guide To Career Change And Personnal Renewalâ⬠, New York : Ballantine. Kent, A. (2001), -Perceived Transformational Leadership, Organizational Commitment, and Citizenship Behavior: A Case Study in Intercollegiate Athletics? Journal of Sport Management, Vol. 15: 135-159. Locke, E. A. and Henne, D. (1985), ââ¬Å"Job Dissatisfaction: What are the consequences? â⬠, International Journal of Psychology, Vol. 20:221-240 Meyer, J. P. , Allen, N. J(1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1,61-89 Meyer, J. P. and Her scovitch, L. (2001), -Commitment in the Workplace-Toward a General Model? , Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 11: 299-326. Meyer, J. P. , Stanley, D. J. , Herscovitch, L. and Topolnytsky,L. 2002),â⬠Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to the Organization: A Meta-Analysis of Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequencesâ⬠, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 61: 20-52. Moorman, R. H. and Blakely, G. L. (1995), ââ¬Å"Individualism-Collectivism as an Individual Difference Predictor of Organizational Citizenship Behaviorâ⬠, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 16:127-142 OReilly, C. A. and Chatman, J. (1986), Organizational Commitment and Psychological Attachment; the Effects of Compliance, Identification, and Internalization on Prosocial Behavior, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 1: 492- 499. Organ, D. W. (1988), Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. Organ, D. W. and Lingl, A. (1995), -Person ality, Satisfaction, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior? , The Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 135 (3): 339-350. Organ D. W. and Ryan,K. (1995), ââ¬Å" A Meta-Analytic Review of Attitudinal and Dispositional Predictors of Organizational Citizenship Behaviorâ⬠, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 48 (4): 775-802 Podsakoff, P. M. , MacKenzie, S. B. , Moorman, R. H. , and Fetter, R. 1990), -Transformational Leader Behaviors and Their Effects on Followersââ¬Ë Trust in Leader, Satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors? , Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 1(2): 107 -142. Shamir, B. , House, R. J. , ; Arthur, M. B. (1993). The motivational effects of charismatic leadership: a self-concept theory. Organizational Science, 4, 577ââ¬â594. Shamir, B. , Zakay, E. , Breinin, E. , ; Popper, M. (1998). Correlates of charismatic leader behavior in military units: subordinatesââ¬â¢ attitudes, unit characteristics and superiorsââ¬â¢ appraisal of leader performance. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 387ââ¬â409. Snape, E. , Chan A. W. , Redman, T. (2006), -Multiple Commitments in the Chinese Context: Testing Compatibility, Cultural, and Moderating Hypotheses? , Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 69 (2): 302ââ¬â314. Walumbwa, F. O. , ; Kuchinke, K. P. (1999, March). HRD faculty as leaders: The application of the full range leadership theory to graduate level HRD instruction. Paper presented at the Academy of Human Resource Development conference, Fairfax, VA. Walumbwa, F. O. , Orwa, B. , Wang, P, Lawler, J. J. 2005), -Transformational Leadership, Organizational Commitment, and Job Satisfaction: A Comparative Study of Kenyan and U. S. Financial Firms, Human Resource Development Quarterly, Vol. 16 (2): 235-256. Williams, E. S. , Phillai,R. , and Schriesheim, C A (1999), ââ¬Å"Fairness Perceptions and Trust as Mediators for Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Two Sample Studyâ⬠, Journal of Management, Vol. 25 (6):897-933 Williams, L. J. and Anderson, S. E. (1991), -Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment as Predictors of Organizational Citizenship and In-Role Behaviors? , Journal of Management, Vol. 17 (3): 601-617. Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-39621460937197225652019-11-25T18:40:00.001-08:002019-11-25T18:40:02.869-08:00Organic Chemistry Caffeine Extraction Lab ( Tea Bags ) essaysOrganic Chemistry Caffeine Extraction Lab ( Tea Bags ) essays To demonstrate the isolation of a natural product from a biological source (tea bags) using extraction techniques, and to demonstrate purification by sublimation. In a 400ml beaker, 15 tea bags were submerged in approximately 125ml of water. This was brought to a boil over a bunsen burner and allowed to boil for about 15 minutes. The tea bags were removed from the tea infused water and discarded. 15 grams of Na2CO3 was dissolved in the tea water by stirring, and allowed to cool. It was then transferred into a reparatory funnel. 20ml of Methylene chloride was added and this mixture was shaken gently. The two distinct layers were separated using the water drop technique and the aqueous layer was mixed and extracted with another 20ml of Methylene chloride. The organic extracts were combined in a conical flask and dried with about 1gram of anhydrous MgSO4. The solution was allowed to stand for about 10 minutes, and swirled occasionally to complete the drying. The Methylene chloride solution was gravity filtered into a small, pre-weighed beaker. The solvent was carefully evaporated to dryness and the beaker containing the crude caffeine was re-weighed to calculate the yield. Many useful organic compounds are present in, and can be extracted from, naturally occurring sources. One of the most widely used drugs in the United States is caffeine, an alkaloid, which is present in coffee, tea, soda, chocolate, and many non-prescription drugs. An alkaloid is defined as a basic nitrogen containing organic compound. Caffeine is soluble in water because it has several polar and basic functional groups. This property also makes it insoluble in aqueous base. By adding a weak base to an aqueous solution of tea extract, one can decrease its solubility in water and increase its solubility in a less polar organic solvent, into which the caffeine can be easily extracted, using a separatory funnel. After evaporation of the organi ... Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-63184254201294130682019-11-22T02:04:00.001-08:002019-11-22T02:04:02.683-08:00Hotel marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsHotel marketing - Assignment Example When a product is marketed well, the value of a product is communicated and consumersââ¬â¢ relationship with the company will be well managed hence benefiting the company. For a hotel business to succeed there is a set of engagements required, these include, capturing the inside of the market, creating a good public relation so as to connect with the customers well, providing the best services, developing a long term growth, being in a position of developing and delivering value in time, and having good marketing strategies. In our hotel industry, we are targeting several groups of guests including those planning for weddings, group meetings, tourist guest house, large corporate meetings, reunions, training seminars, and luncheons. Marketing will assist us to know who our customers are and how to satisfy their requirement. Due to the competition existing in the industry, we have developed a motto GIVING THE BEST TO ALL so as to attract people from different ages and different mult icultural background. I selected the outlet serving each group depending on the age, marital status, ethnic/racial background, income, education status, employment status, accessibility, and interest of each group because different mode of communication can reach different groups differently. This article explains how to lure customers and the cost of marketing in the hotel. Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-75007514129136462672019-11-20T19:20:00.001-08:002019-11-20T19:20:07.225-08:00Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of learning EssayBehaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of learning principles that sustain and maintain it.DISCUSS this statement - Essay Example In the wider perspective, maladaptive behaviour has been discussed from different viewpoints such as biological, psychological, and socio-cultural perspectives, and these viewpoints stress the significance of causal factors of this behaviour. Significantly, the Freudian psychoanalytic theory is the oldest psychological point of view about maladaptive behaviour and it was, for a long time, preoccupied with principles regarding libidinal energies and their suppression. Later on, the behaviourist theorists also came with their viewpoints about maladaptive behaviour and they formulated several principles to explain this characteristic in human beings. ââ¬Å"The behavioural perspective focuses on the role of learning in human behaviour and attributes maladaptive behaviour either to failure to learn appropriate behaviour or to the learning of maladaptive behaviours. Adherents of the behavioural viewpoint attempt to alter maladaptive behaviour by extinguishing it and/or providing training in new, more adaptive behaviours.â⬠(Carson, Butcher, Mineka, and Hooley, 2000, P. 105). Therefore, it is fundamental to comprehend that maladaptive behaviour is explained by different psychological schools in different ways. For example, Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of learning principles that sustain and maintain it. This paper makes a reflective exploration of the behaviourist principles concerning maladaptive behaviour in order to maintain that the behaviouristââ¬â¢s approach therapy is in stark contrast to a psychoanalytic (Freudian) approach. PART ONE: Behaviourist Principles and Maladaptive Behaviour The behaviourist approach to abnormality deals with maladaptive behaviour and its basic causes. According to this approach, the maladaptive forms of behaviour that have been learnt by an individual are the basic causes of mental disorders. In other words, the behaviourist viewpoint of abnormality maintains that the learning process in human behavio ur plays a significant role in the acquisition of maladaptive behaviour. The Behaviourists argue that mental disorders are due to ââ¬Å"a complex of learned, inappropriate behaviours, or the absence of appropriate behaviour sequences. In the first instance, behaviour is termed ââ¬Ëmaladaptiveââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ ¦ Further, the rules of acquisition of maladaptive behaviour are no different than the rules of acquisition of adaptive sequences.â⬠(Medcof, Emslie, Roth, 1979, P. 264). In their provocative explanation of abnormal behaviour, the behaviourists emphasizes on how a particular maladaptive sequence is learned, because they believe that the maladaptive behaviour can be removed only by comprehending the specific conditions underlying the behaviour. Thus, the behaviourist approach makes use of the learning theory which incorporates the theories of classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In a reflective exploration of the behavioural model of abnormality, it becomes luci d that this psychological theory emphasizes the role of learning in the acquisition of maladaptive behaviour. In other words, the behaviourists maintain that the human actions are determined mainly by the life experiences of the individuals, and the role of the unconscious forces or the underlying forces is largely limited. According to the behavioural Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-58832892736024717812019-11-18T21:01:00.001-08:002019-11-18T21:01:04.273-08:00Research Topics for English 1A Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 wordsTopics for English 1A - Research Paper Example As observed by the writer, these actions are subject to persecution and most of the times it does not. He argues that an animal cruelty as a subject is tricky to enforce because, as his analysis and studies show, it is only as good as the place it is being implemented. His article brings out the lapses and loopholes in the law put in place to take care of animal rights. Truth is that the set laws more protect the people who mistreat the animals; it is ironical in the sense that the laws are animal rights based. From all that analysis, it becomes the writerââ¬â¢s objective and goal to encourage and ensure people learn more about animals and brush out issues that at the first glance may not appear as animal cruelty. Gullone in his book demonstrates how animal cruelty is another anti-social behavior. He tackles and defends his main point by use of real life examples and keeps on quoting studied reports on the effects of animal cruelty to human social and emotional behavior. He considers a case study where, 74% of convicted felons who had been charged with aggressive behavior and practices against others e.g. robbery with violence. That all of them were previous perpetrators of animal cruelty at some point in their lives, and it is what has resulted into these antisocial behaviors. He advises that children should be bred to tolerate animals. No child should be allowed to be violent against other creatures even if they are not people. He asserts that children who kill, torture and torment other living things, are at a higher chance of ending up in jail at some point in their lifetime. He reckons that by killing, tormenting and subjecting other living things to cruelty, these individuals harden their hearts against humanity and become cruel over time. At the end, they never see anything wrong when a fellow person is subjected to such inhumane did and are Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-90620202812330664322019-11-16T09:34:00.001-08:002019-11-16T09:34:02.835-08:00Negative Consequences Of Gender Role Stereotyping Sociology EssayNegative Consequences Of Gender Role Stereotyping Sociology Essay In todays community so many stereotypes happen daily. People judge others based on the visual representation they see and at times even make allegations based on these evaluations. Its immoral and shouldnt be supported. This assertion is true no concern how some in community wants to see it as wrong. It happens and I believe that people should not be judged based on their characteristics. Some people might believe we live in a community where stereotyping is eliminated to a minimum, as far as addressing them goes. Nevertheless, gender stereotypes, racism stereotypes, and sometimes prejudice stereotypes towards people have been acknowledged, they have attempted to be dealt with and attempted to be controlled but its unavoidable. Sure some might feel we live in a community where this doesnt occur, but the fact of the matter is its not, and it wants to be understood. Some feel you can accept people despite of race or sex. Accepting an individual who just selects to dress or look differe nt shouldnt be that difficult. Nevertheless, some have found, this is not the situation. Stereotypical bias towards anybody, particularly the ones who select to look differently, is a main problem. It is a main issue that goes most of the time un-addressed and its sad. The purpose of this paper is to establish a research in order to identify the negative consequences of gender stereotypes. Negative Consequences of Gender Role Stereotyping In our existing society, males and females execute specifically different roles which are found on nothing more than their natural gender. Although these roles do not posses true for every person, the mainstream of people lives out their lives in accordance with these very pervasive roles. Community tends to allocate classes of social roles to man individuals and classes of social roles to woman individuals (as community perceives their genders). These sex roles boundaries what both men and women can and cannot do. Gender roles enslave persons and force them to be what others want them to be. They are perpetuated and enforced by the mass media and community usually several ways, some which are evident and others which are more subtle. In several communities, there is a strong trend to overstate these sex roles, and it appears to regularly jump from a valid surveillance to a false conclusion. Gender roles can be described as a set of behaviors and attributes that are standard for every gender in a community. Gender role stereotypes are broadly-held beliefs about those behaviors and attributes (Singleton, 1987). The stereotypes to a great extent become the roles. Community forces people into some roles simply by anticipating that those roles are appropriate and enforcing them. Generally, the roles common in modern Western community recommend that males should be bossy, aggressive, and better at the maths and sciences, should become victorious in their professions, and should manage and suppress their emotions. Females, on the contrary, should be obedient, nurturing, gentle, superior at languages and the humanities, emotional, and eager of nothing more than a content family and a husband to provide for her, while she remains at home and tends the house. These gender-typed roles are effected and reinforced by the mass media and community usually in several ways, some evident and others more subtle. Nevertheless, there is a formerly broadly-held standpoint, somewhat less popular presently, that sex roles are the consequence of innate biological distinction between the genders; that men are biologically better-suited to hold positions of authority, for instance, and that females are more suited to look after the home and kids. It has been presently and regularly suggested that the presently championed roles are limiting and damaging to all engaged, males and females alike, from the time that they are kids. This view holds that our gender roles are solely the product of the community in which we live, and that their inappropriateness with the truth of individual characters causes pain and stress for several individuals, as do other types of oppression and stereotyping. Most of the study in this area has been based on researches which indicate the disparity and subordinate position of females in Western community. The natural view of sex roles states that the discriminated sex roles which survive in our community are the products of our evolution, and are inextricably connected with capabilities predominant in one gender or the other which are decided naturally. The roles prescribed for each gender are based on physical capabilities and properties of that gender, such as intelligence, brain lateralization, and varying hormone levels. This view was the accepted one all over the history, and has only recently been challenged. The issues with this view are, first, that it supposes that existing Western gender roles are the correct ones, second, that it rejects that we can or should alter our existing roles, and third, that it implies that conventional gender roles are adaptive and helpful to physical and psychological health. Recent proof and study favors the conclusion that none of these three points is really true. If existing Western gender roles are in fact naturally programmed into all human beings, we would anticipate such roles to be universal, and this is obviously not the case. If nothing else, this view overlooks, or diagnoses as pathologic, individual distinctions. Although certain consistency across several cultures is in fact discovered, even those who see these personalities as evolutionarily based have developed other, superior explanations for them than that they are natural and unchangeable. One such view states that societal distinctions in child-rearing practices are accountable for varying capabilities in every sex, but that these distinctions are due to the evolutionary sexual behavior of a polygenes species, as they believe humans to be. The supposition that gender roles are natural, and thus unchanging, can be refuted by the simple visible fact that gender roles, even within our community, have altered and are in the procedure of altering. Females, long deemed to be incapable to hold positions of authority or professions engaging intelligence, are at last beginning to be enabled to serve in such abilities (though the struggle for full identification is still far from over). Additionally, females are in the procedure of refuting the belief that they must have a family and kids to be done, when in fact several are happier without them. As regards psychological health and the adaptively of gender roles, the simple fact is that, when a association between gender roles and physical and mental health is discovered, it generally points to the conclusion that the woman gender role in specific is extremely associated to lower self-respect, higher levels of neuroticism (noticeable in such traits as over-sensitivity to condemnation and denial to involve in assertive behavior), and reduced capability to cope in those persons who adhere sternly to their socially prescribed sex role. Researches have proved that females, as well as males who are considered to be extremely feminine on the Bem Sex Role Inventory, are much more probably in situations of job stress to use avoidance coping at the cost of other, more useful, techniques. Additionally, females have been proven to be considerably less contented with their bodies, due to a sex role which states that they must be beautiful in order to attract a male, which should be of dominant significance in their lives. Even females of low body weight commonly diet, supposing themselves fat. This becomes an issue when it is proved that these thoughts of insufficiency about ones own body are connected to eating diseases, low self-respect, despair, and lowered or insufficient use of contraceptives. Perhaps one of the causes for the raised stress clear among those trying to adhere to the gender role recommended for them, also the most compelling proof against the natural approach, is the fact that several of the commonly-held Western gender capability stereotypes on which gender roles are based are simply inexact. Past and existing transforms in gender roles can furthermore be described by the fact that, since cultures alter, what roles are adaptive to each culture will also alter over time, and should do so. The socio-cultural view, affected to a large extent by feminism, additional states that the existing woman gender roles in our community are psychologically harmful to females, in that they encourage as desirable behaviors and beliefs which are unsuited with truth and are maladaptive to mental adjustment. The man sex roles are also harmful to males for the same causes. Much of the study completed on the harmful effects of sex stereotyping has concentrated on the way in which these stereotypes serve to further subjugate females. Nevertheless, males are hurt as well. Males are described that they should never show their feelings, they are socialized to be aggressive, and they are taught to derogate anything woman. This manifests itself as a high level of competitiveness, a disability to be open and susceptible, and a lack of ability in interpersonal communications. Inherent in this rejection of all things feminine is also a natural belief that maleness and femaleness are opposites. This dichotomy is damaging to males in specific, because it teaches them that if they try to gain some wanted feminine characteristics, they will in turn lose some of their maleness, which is perhaps the ultimate terror of the sex-stereotyped male. Moreover, both these dichotomized gender roles are detrimental to community as a whole because they promote violent behavior in males, against both each other and females, discourage individuals from following some activities in which they might excel provided the opportunity, and foster the communication space between the genders. For instance, several researches have establish that acceptance of rape myths such as most sufferers are at least partially to blame, are connected to gender role stereotyping and mistrust of the opposite sex on the part of both males and females. It would look clear, provided all the study extant, that even if it is the case that gender roles are the consequence of our species evolution and the physiological predispositions of each sex, and were adaptive in the past, these roles have not changed to reflect the altering truths of our community. Thus, any adaptive benefits they may have presented in the past are no longer present, and the roles must alter in order to be adaptive for individuals these days. This view is certainly daunting; if sex roles are to alter, then so must several other institutions of our community. The truth that most if not all adults these days adhere to these roles to some extent does not make this any easier. To alter the outlook on females would need alters in how we perceive family relations, how we teach our kids, our criminal and civil laws, and religion, among other things. Maybe the first step to making these alters is to change the methods in which males and females are presented in the mass media. Presently, such materials as T.V. perpetuate the conventional gender roles by presenting and emphasizing them, while discrediting those who go against the existing roles by either presenting them in an adverse light or, more regularly, by failing to present them at all. The belief that all females should be young and good-looking, and that their looks should be their main concern, is perpetuated by the facts that most females on TV are under 30 years old, and these females are shown continuously paying concentration to their looks, and by the fact that when females do make news, such things as their marital status, height, and hair color are regularly mentioned, even when these are unrelated to the problem at hand. Conclusion This is a very significant, if not essential, realization for community to come to. Provided that the existing gender role stereotyping has so several negative effects for all individuals in our community, and has yet to show any positive consequences, it stands to cause that when such an unbelievable force for oppression is eliminated from our lives, it can only advantage all engaged in the long run. Such study as has been completed in the past is required also in the future, but it must be accompanied by an active try to alter the things that are discovered, rather than simply acknowledging their harmful consequences in statistical breakdowns. It must also be made apparent that these roles are not general and unchallengeable and that there is hope for alter. Only when these truths are realized can our community begin to move toward a prospect of gender relationships that is adaptive for our time and for the upcoming. Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7498914894744684721.post-42925499934401064512019-11-13T22:04:00.001-08:002019-11-13T22:04:03.939-08:00Great Gatsby Essay -- essays research papers A symbol is an object or place used to represent an abstract idea or quality. In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald there are many such symbols. F. Scott Fitzgerald incorporates each symbol into the plot and structure of the novel. His use of symbolism helps give the reader a better meaning and understanding of the story. The themes of The Great Gatsby are revealed through its use of symbols. Among the most important of the many symbols used in the novel are the green light, the contrast between East Egg and the West Egg, the valley of ashes, and the giant oculist sign. The green light lights up across the bay from Gatsby’s place. This light burned at the end of Daisy Buchanan’s dock. For Gatsby, this green light symbolized the “go-ahead'; sign. Green was the symbol for promise, hope, and renewal. Gatsby’s dream in life was to be with Daisy. The green light on the other side of the bay that Gatsby saw gave him an unyielding hope that his dream would be realized. At the end of the first chapter Gatsby was seen stretching his arms toward the green light appearing as to be worshipping it. Gatsby saw his dream or goal and never gave up. He remained loyal to his quest until death at the end of the novel. Gatsby moved into the mansion across the bay to be near Daisy. The green light symbolized that Gatsby had a hope of winning Daisy. Gatsby asked Daisy to tell Tom that she loved him, but this was too much to ask of her. Dais... Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0